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This stereological work quantifies relative and total PMQ volumes in barbel spleen, linking PMQ dispersal, sex differences, and a positive association with aging.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/","Template",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/general/","General",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/splenic-pigmented-macrophage-aggregates-in-barbel-influences-of-age-sex-and-season-on-a-pollution-biomarker/204612/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/splenic-pigmented-macrophage-aggregates-in-barbel-influences-of-age-sex-and-season-on-a-pollution-biomarker/204612.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Finn","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-21","2026-09-05",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":22},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"Why are pigmented macrophage aggregates (PMQ) used in pollution biomonitoring?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"PMQ quantities in fish are used as biomarkers because pollutants can affect the immune system, specifically PMQ distribution and load. Changes in PMQ are also considered early indicators of stress, illness, or toxicants entering the environment.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"What does the study investigate about barbel spleen PMQ?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"The study applies stereology to measure the relative and total volumes of PMQ in the barbel spleen. It focuses on how age, sex, and season influence PMQ, including testing whether aging shows a positive association.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"What main patterns were found for age and sex effects on PMQ?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"PMQ volumes were positively associated with age. Differences also emerged between sexes, with females showing significantly higher spleen and body weights and males having significantly higher relative volumes of PMQ, while total PMQ volumes showed similar tendencies across sexes.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":74,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":76,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":78,"site_id":7},204612,1790024993,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":82},"success",[83,88,93,98,103,108,113,118,123],{"id":84,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},11,"Presentations",90,"presentations",{"id":89,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":90,"show_sort_weight":91,"slug":92},12,"Resumes",80,"resumes",{"id":94,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},14,"Invoices",70,"invoices",{"id":99,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":100,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":102},15,"Posters",60,"posters",{"id":104,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":105,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":107},16,"Social Media",50,"social-media",{"id":109,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":110,"show_sort_weight":111,"slug":112},17,"Forms",40,"forms",{"id":114,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":115,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},18,"Letters",30,"letters",{"id":119,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},21,"Paper Templates",5,"papers-templates",{"id":124,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":4,"slug":125},158,"general-158",{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":127},{"doc_id":78,"user_id":128,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":129,"doc_module":22,"category_id":124,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":130,"file_id":131,"file_url":132,"file_type":133,"file_size":134,"view_count":22,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":135,"language":136,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":137,"faqs":138,"seo_title":139,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":140,"read_time":33},34359740700684,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1f400023980c374ae676?_k=1777273430885731487","Splenic Pigmented Macrophage Aggregates in Barbel (Barbus peloponnesius, Valenciennes, 1844) from River Bregalnica—Influences of Age, Sex and Season on a Pollution Biomarker  \nMaja Jordanova1,*, Katerina Rebok1, Marija Naskovska1, Vasil Kostov2, Eduardo Rocha3,4  \n1 Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril & Methodius University, Arhimedova 3, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.  \n2 Institute of Animal Sciences, Ile Ilievski 92a, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia  \n3 Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar – ICBAS, University of Porto – U.Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.  \n4 Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology Group, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research – CIIMAR, University of Porto – U.Porto, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal,  \n* Corresponding Author: Tel.: +389.23 249637; Fax: + 389.23 228141 ; [E-mail: majaj@pmf.ukim.mk](E-mail: majaj@pmf.ukim.mk)  \nReceived 13 April 2016 Accepted 13 June 2016  \nAbstract  \nMacrophages are involved in innate and acquired immune responses, being key players in immunotoxicology. Changes in the quantities of pigmented macrophage aggregates (PMQ) in fish are often used as biomarkers of pollution. Most studies offer only qualitative data on PMQ changes, and effects of age, sex and season are poorly known. We present a stereological study of the relative and total volumes of PMQ in the barbel, Barbus peloponnesius spleen. Our focus is to disclose influences of age, sex and season on PMQ, and check if the there is any positive association with aging. The females had a significantly higher spleen and body weights and length. PMQ loaded with lipofuscin/ceroid and hemosiderin were dispersed throughout both spleen pulps. Seasons impacted on PMQ, despite no too markedly. Differences existed between sexes, with males having significantly higher relative volumes of PMQ: the total volumes had similar tendencies. The volumes of PMQ were positively associated with age. The new data reinforce the importance of studying influences of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors that model the quantities of PMQ so to better interpret their changes seen in biomonitoring works.  \nKeywords: Barbel, melanomacrophages, pollution biomarker.  \nIntroduction  \nHuman activities have impacted on the natural ecosystems for a long time and the situation tends to worsen on a global scale (Covich et al., 2004; Woodward et al., 2005; Balvanera et al, 2006; Brooks et al., 2006) . Riverine ecosystems are among the most polluted ones, resulting in drastically decreased biodiversity (Dudgeon et al., 2006) and impaired health of the aquatic biota, naturally including fish species (Blazer et al., 1987) . These have been used in biomonitoring studies, namely because fish can offer good and stable indicators about the pollution status of their specific ecosystems (Hinton et al., 1992; Hinton 1993; Meador, Carlisle and Coles 2008) . Fish can have a long life (years), are located at the top of the food web, and so being prone to bioaccumulate avast array of toxicants, and, at last, fish react to environmental changes by structural and functional adaptations, including their immune system (Chovanec, Hofer and Schemer 2003) .  \nIt is well known that negative effects of pollutants in water ecosystems have influences that  \ncover the whole immune system, and specifically including the PMQ (Meinelt et al., 1997; Manera et al., 2000; Marth et al., 2001; Hung, Tu and Wang 2007) . In biological investigations, PMQ in fish were often used as potential biomarkers for judging the level of pollution of the ecosystem (Blazer et al., 1987; Fournie et al., 2001; Agius and Roberts 2003; Iwanowitcz et al., 2012) . The involved phagocytes have the ability to engulf, degrade, detoxify, andrecycle and/or destruct endogenous or exogenous materials (Ferguson, 1976; Ellis, 1980; Herraez and Zapat","cbCaidKhYHbX23Ur","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidKhYHbX23Ur","pdf",1074122,10,"English","# Introduction\n## Immune function of PMQ and biomonitoring value\n## Factors affecting PMQ (species, organ, sex, age, season)\n# Materials and Methods\n# Results and Discussion\n# Conclusions","[{\"question\":\"Why are pigmented macrophage aggregates (PMQ) used in pollution biomonitoring?\",\"answer\":\"PMQ quantities in fish are used as biomarkers because pollutants can affect the immune system, specifically PMQ distribution and load. Changes in PMQ are also considered early indicators of stress, illness, or toxicants entering the environment.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the study investigate about barbel spleen PMQ?\",\"answer\":\"The study applies stereology to measure the relative and total volumes of PMQ in the barbel spleen. It focuses on how age, sex, and season influence PMQ, including testing whether aging shows a positive association.\"},{\"question\":\"What main patterns were found for age and sex effects on PMQ?\",\"answer\":\"PMQ volumes were positively associated with age. Differences also emerged between sexes, with females showing significantly higher spleen and body weights and males having significantly higher relative volumes of PMQ, while total PMQ volumes showed similar tendencies across sexes.\"}]","Splenic Pigmented Macrophage Aggregates in Barbel - Influences of Age, Sex and Season on a Pollution Biomarker | PDF",1788574378]