[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-1-en-105":3,"doc-seo-219764-105":53,"doc-detail-219764-en":118},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,14,19,24,29,34,39,44,49],{"id":8,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":11,"show_sort_weight":12,"slug":13},11,1,"Template","Presentations",90,"presentations",{"id":15,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":16,"show_sort_weight":17,"slug":18},12,"Resumes",80,"resumes",{"id":20,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":21,"show_sort_weight":22,"slug":23},14,"Invoices",70,"invoices",{"id":25,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":26,"show_sort_weight":27,"slug":28},15,"Posters",60,"posters",{"id":30,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":31,"show_sort_weight":32,"slug":33},16,"Social Media",50,"social-media",{"id":35,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":36,"show_sort_weight":37,"slug":38},17,"Forms",40,"forms",{"id":40,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":41,"show_sort_weight":42,"slug":43},18,"Letters",30,"letters",{"id":45,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":46,"show_sort_weight":47,"slug":48},21,"Paper Templates",5,"papers-templates",{"id":50,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":51,"show_sort_weight":4,"slug":52},158,"General","general-158",{"code":4,"msg":54,"data":55},"ok",{"site_id":56,"language":57,"slug":58,"title":59,"keywords":60,"description":61,"schema_data":62,"social_meta":111,"head_meta":113,"extra_data":115,"updated_unix":117},105,"en","sleep-economo","Sleep-Economo","","Explores how Constantin von Economo’s observations during the 1918 Spanish flu linked specific brain lesions to wakefulness or lethal sleep states. Describes early “wakefulness centre” and “sleep centre” concepts in the hypothalamus and brainstem, and explains how later, more selective experiments revised conclusions by showing other structures can compensate. Presents evidence that sleep is active, involving thalamus–cortex interactions and intense cortical activity during REM sleep.",{"@graph":63,"@context":110},[64,80,101],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":51,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/general/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/sleep-economo/219764/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"image":82,"author":87,"headline":59,"publisher":90,"fileFormat":93,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":94,"datePublished":95,"encodingFormat":93,"isAccessibleForFree":96,"interactionStatistic":97},"DigitalDocument",{"url":83,"@type":84,"width":85,"height":86},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/sleep-economo/219764.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":88,"@type":89},"Eliana","Person",{"url":68,"name":91,"@type":92},"DocShare","Organization","application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document","2026-09-25","2026-09-08",true,{"@type":98,"interactionType":99,"userInteractionCount":73},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":100},"ViewAction",{"@type":102,"mainEntity":103},"FAQPage",[104],{"name":105,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":107},"Why were earlier conclusions about sleep later reconsidered?","Question",{"text":108,"@type":109},"More selective neurotoxic experiments destroyed specific neurons while preserving passing axons. Wakefulness function initially dropped but then returned to normal, implying other wakefulness-maintaining structures could take over and earlier deficits were likely due to axon damage.","Answer","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":112,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":91,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":114,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":116,"site_id":56},219764,1790359581,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":119},{"doc_id":116,"user_id":120,"nickname":88,"user_avatar":121,"doc_module":9,"category_id":50,"category_name":51,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":122,"file_id":123,"file_url":124,"file_type":125,"file_size":126,"view_count":76,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":127,"language":128,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":129,"faqs":130,"seo_title":131,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":132,"read_time":133},4398048949847,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/400002536579ef2da7f?_k=1778318612642679267","THE BRAIN STRUCTURES THAT WAKE YOU UP AND PUT YOU TO SLEEP\n\u003Chttp://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_11/d_11_cr/d_11_cr_cyc/d_11_cr_cyc.html>\nDuring the Spanish flu pandemic that raged after World War I ended in 1918, a Viennese neurologist, Constantin von Economo, observed that some flu patients fell into a state of lethargy or coma before dying, while others went several days without sleeping, and then died.\nWhen von Economo autopsied the brains of these two types of patients, he found that they had different types of lesions. The patients who had been comatose before their deaths had lesions in the posterior hypothalamus or the upper part of the midbrain. Von Economo was thus the first scientist to use the term “wakefulness centre” to refer to these two parts of brain that seemed to be essential for wakefulness.\nThe patients who had experienced sleeplessness before dying had brain lesions in the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus, which came to be known as the “sleep centre”. \u2028\u2028Countless autopsies subsequently showed that when a person’s \u0013 HYPERLINK \"http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_01/i_01_cr/i_01_cr_ana/i_01_cr_ana.html\" \u0014brainstem\u0015 suffers damage, whatever the cause, that person falls into deep sleep or a \u0013 HYPERLINK \"http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_11/i_11_p/i_11_p_cyc/i_11_p_cyc.html\" \u0014coma\u0015. This finding thus showed that the brainstem also plays an essential role in maintaining the state of wakefulness.\nSome years later, in 1949, brain researchers Giuseppe Moruzzi and Horace Magoun successfully triggered comas in cats by using coagulation to destroy the central part of the brainstem, known as the reticular formation. From this result they concluded that these comas were due to an absence of wakefulness.\nIn other experiments, Moruzzi and Magoun found that by stimulating the reticular formation, they could awaken animals from normal sleep. The two researchers also knew that the reticular formation receives many incoming messages, in particular via the sensory pathways. From these two facts, Moruzzi and Magoun developed the concept of the “ascending activating reticular system”. The reticular formation in the brainstem then became the prime contender for the title of “wakefulness centre”.\nBut some of the conclusions drawn from these earlier, cruder, surgical interventions have since been invalidated by more selective experiments. In these experiments, neurotoxic substances were used to destroy the neurons of the posterior hypothalamus and the reticular formation, while leaving intact the axons that passed through these areas but arose from other structures elsewhere in the nervous system. The result: the wakefulness function was still diminished initially, but quickly returned to normal!\nThe researchers were thus forced to conclude that these \u0013 HYPERLINK \"http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_11/i_11_cr/i_11_cr_cyc/i_11_cr_cyc.html\" \u0014other structures could take over the job of those that had been destroyed\u0015 and that the wakefulness disorders created in past experiments had probably been attributable to damage to the axons arising from these other wakefulness-maintaining structures and passing through the structures that had been destroyed.\nThese results cast new doubt on a certain conception of sleep as a passive process, in which being deprived of sensory inputs was what caused people to fall asleep. In subsequent experiments, the application of electrical stimuli to the thalamus of cats while they were awake caused them to fall asleep, thus demonstrating that sleep is not simply a passive process, but rather involves \u0013 HYPERLINK \"http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_11/i_11_cl/i_11_cl_cyc/i_11_cl_cyc.html\" \\l \"2\" \u0014interactions between the thalamus and the cortex\u0015.\nLater, the finding that blocking the sensory messages reaching the brain in no way disturbed the cycles of sleeping and wakefulness contributed further to the abandonment of this passive model of the process of falling asleep. The discovery of the \u0013 HY","cbCaific4hFdD4BX","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaific4hFdD4BX","docx",1791084,26,"English","# Wakefulness and sleep centres\n## Hypothalamus lesions during fatal illness\n## Brainstem and the reticular formation\n## Rethinking sleep as an active process","[{\"question\":\"Why were earlier conclusions about sleep later reconsidered?\",\"answer\":\"More selective neurotoxic experiments destroyed specific neurons while preserving passing axons. Wakefulness function initially dropped but then returned to normal, implying other wakefulness-maintaining structures could take over and earlier deficits were likely due to axon damage.\"}]","Sleep-Economo | DOCX",1788892116,9]