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An automated trajectory-generation process is presented that incorporates regulatory and operational procedures while optimizing energy efficiency. Optimal control problems are derived automatically from a flexible trajectory-definition database capturing airspace constraints for routes near vertiports. A safety gateway verifies feasibility of the generated trajectories.",{"@graph":63,"@context":119},[64,80,102],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":46,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/paper-templates/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/requirements-based-generation-of-optimal-vertical-takeoff-and-landing-trajectories-for-electric-aircraft-paper/240921/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"image":82,"author":87,"headline":59,"publisher":90,"fileFormat":93,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":94,"datePublished":95,"encodingFormat":93,"isAccessibleForFree":96,"interactionStatistic":97},"DigitalDocument",{"url":83,"@type":84,"width":85,"height":86},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/requirements-based-generation-of-optimal-vertical-takeoff-and-landing-trajectories-for-electric-aircraft-paper/240921.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":88,"@type":89},"Rhys","Person",{"url":68,"name":91,"@type":92},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-11","2026-09-11",true,{"@type":98,"interactionType":99,"userInteractionCount":101},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":100},"ViewAction",6,{"@type":103,"mainEntity":104},"FAQPage",[105,111,115],{"name":106,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":108},"What problem does the paper address for electric aircraft in urban air mobility?","Question",{"text":109,"@type":110},"It addresses the need to generate safe, energy-efficient vertical takeoff and landing trajectories under increasing urban air traffic density and regulatory requirements.","Answer",{"name":112,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":113},"How are optimal trajectories generated in the proposed approach?",{"text":114,"@type":110},"Optimal control problems are derived automatically from a flexible trajectory-definition database that encodes airspace constraints and operational requirements near vertiports.",{"name":116,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How is safety of the generated trajectories ensured?",{"text":118,"@type":110},"A safety gateway verifies the feasibility of the trajectories generated by the automated process.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":121,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":91,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":123,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":125,"site_id":56},240921,1790240155,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":128},{"doc_id":125,"user_id":129,"nickname":88,"user_avatar":130,"doc_module":9,"category_id":45,"category_name":46,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":131,"file_id":132,"file_url":133,"file_type":134,"file_size":135,"view_count":101,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":35,"language":136,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":137,"faqs":138,"seo_title":139,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":140,"read_time":101},687207024643,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","REQUIREMENTS-BASED GENERATION OF OPTIMAL VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING TRAJECTORIES FOR ELECTRIC AIRCRAFT  \nChristoph Krammer 1 , Felix Schweighofer 1 , Daniel Gierszewski 1 , Simon Philipp Scherer 1 , Tu˘gba  \nAkman 1 , Haichao Hong 1 & Florian Holzapfel 1  \n1Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Department of Aerospace and Geodesy,  \nInstitute of Flight System Dynamics  \nAbstract  \nThe introduction of urban air mobility by means of electric vehicles capable of vertical takeoff and landing represents a major transformation of civil aviation. As traffic density increases in urban areas, novel requirements are introduced to guarantee safe operations, most notably in the EASA SC-VTOL specification. We present an automated process for generating trajectories considering such regulatory requirements and associated operational procedures while optimizing for energy efficiency. The corresponding optimal control problems are derived automatically from a flexible trajectory definition database expressing the airspace constraints and operational requirements for vertical takeoff and landing trajectories in the vicinity of vertiports. A safety gateway verifies the feasibility of the generated trajectories.  \nKeywords: trajectory generation, trajectory optimization, electric vertical takeoff and landing  \n1. Nomenclature  \nAFGCS  \nAFM  \nALM  \nAMC  \nConOps  \nCSFL  \nEASA  \nEUROCAE  \neVTOL  \nFAA  \nFATO  \nFCC  \nAutomatic Flight Guidance and Control System  \nAircraft Flight Manual Application Lifecycle Management  \nAccepted Means of Compliance Concept of Operations Continued Safe Flight and Landing  \nEuropean Union Aviation Safety Agency  \nEuropean Organization for Civil Aviation Equipment  \nElectric Vertical Take-off and  \nLanding  \nFederal Aviation Administration Final Approach and Take-Off Area  \nFlight Control Computer  \nFCS  \nFDM  \nFGS  \nFOV  \nICAO  \nILS  \nJSON  \nMOC  \nMPC  \nNDI  \nNFE  \nNLP  \nODE  \nOCP  \nPinS  \nPSU  \nPTS-VPT-DSN  \nFlight Control System Flight Dynamic Model  \nFlight Guidance System Field of View  \nInternational Civil Aviation Organization  \nInstrument Landing System JavaScript Object Notation Means of Compliance Model-Predictive Control Non-Linear Dynamic Inversion Normal Flight Envelope Nonlinear Program  \nOrdinary Differential Equation Optimal Control Problem Point-in-Space  \nProvider of Services for UAM Prototype Technical Design Specifications for Vertiports  \nREQUIREMENTS-BASED GENERATION OF OPTIMAL VTOL TRAJECTORIES FOR ELECTRIC AIRCRAFT  \nSC-VTOL  \nSDF  \nSDSP  \nSpecial Condition for small-category VTOL aircraft Signed Distance Function Supplemental Data Service Provider  \nSTAR Standard Terminal Arrival Route  \nUAM Urban Air Mobility  \nVLL Very Low Level  \nVTOL Vertical Take-off and Landing  \n2. Introduction  \nThe introduction of manned and unmanned Electric Vertical Take-off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) demands a high degree of automation to handle the increasing traffic density in Very Low Level (VLL) airspace and U-space [1] . Therefore, automatic generation and following of safe and energy-efficient flight trajectories becomes crucial. The energy reserve in battery-powered aircraft is challenged by the high power output during the Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) phases. To ensure safe, economic and sustainable operations, accurate and robust flight planning considering the system performance and uncertain environmental conditions is required. The approach/descent and departure/climb legs in the vicinity of vertiports are of particular interest. These not only cause a significant share of the energy consumption, but also include the most complex flight path geometries due to VTOL operations within urban environments. This complexity obviously necessitates improved methods for flight planning and trajectory optimization compared to the rather simple Standard Terminal Arrival Routes (STARs), straight Instrument Landing System (ILS) approaches commonly followed by fi","cbCailpd3sf3gd2O","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailpd3sf3gd2O","pdf",3680300,"English","# Abstract\n# Nomenclature\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the paper address for electric aircraft in urban air mobility?\",\"answer\":\"It addresses the need to generate safe, energy-efficient vertical takeoff and landing trajectories under increasing urban air traffic density and regulatory requirements.\"},{\"question\":\"How are optimal trajectories generated in the proposed approach?\",\"answer\":\"Optimal control problems are derived automatically from a flexible trajectory-definition database that encodes airspace constraints and operational requirements near vertiports.\"},{\"question\":\"How is safety of the generated trajectories ensured?\",\"answer\":\"A safety gateway verifies the feasibility of the trajectories generated by the automated process.\"}]","REQUIREMENTS-BASED GENERATION OF OPTIMAL VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING TRAJECTORIES FOR ELECTRIC AIRCRAFT - Paper | PDF",1789167537]