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It introduces the broader foundations of pharmacology, then describes Adderall’s history, composition, usage, dosage forms (IR and XR), and major potential effects. The work emphasizes an extended-release model, including scenarios such as blood–gut pharmacokinetic modeling, contrasts between IR and XR behavior, and effects in a non-human subject.",{"@graph":63,"@context":118},[64,80,101],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":11,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/presentations/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/pharmacokinetics-of-adderall-differential-equations-project/564663/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"image":82,"author":87,"headline":59,"publisher":90,"fileFormat":93,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":94,"datePublished":95,"encodingFormat":93,"isAccessibleForFree":96,"interactionStatistic":97},"DigitalDocument",{"url":83,"@type":84,"width":85,"height":86},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/pharmacokinetics-of-adderall-differential-equations-project/564663.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":88,"@type":89},"dhado","Person",{"url":68,"name":91,"@type":92},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-10-12",true,{"@type":98,"interactionType":99,"userInteractionCount":73},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":100},"ViewAction",{"@type":102,"mainEntity":103},"FAQPage",[104,110,114],{"name":105,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":107},"What are the five processes in pharmacology discussed in the project?","Question",{"text":108,"@type":109},"The project outlines pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, therapeutic, and toxicological processes, ranging from drug preparation through time-course concentration and clinical response.","Answer",{"name":111,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How do Adderall IR and Adderall XR differ in release?",{"text":113,"@type":109},"Adderall IR provides immediate release of the drug, while Adderall XR uses controlled-release technology to distribute part of the dose immediately and release the remainder after about four to six hours.",{"name":115,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What factors influence Adderall XR absorption and bioavailability according to the bioavailability physiology section?",{"text":117,"@type":109},"Absorption depends on gut and intestinal pH: when pH is above seven, more drug is absorbed, while pH below seven reduces absorption and therefore lowers bioavailability.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":120,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":91,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":122,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":124,"site_id":56},564663,1792646079,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":127},{"doc_id":124,"user_id":128,"nickname":88,"user_avatar":129,"doc_module":9,"category_id":8,"category_name":11,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":130,"file_id":131,"file_url":132,"file_type":133,"file_size":134,"view_count":73,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":135,"language":136,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":137,"faqs":138,"seo_title":139,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":140,"read_time":141},5909893218464,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","ESP Project  \nVivian Chow & Thukarasha Sivapatharajah Differential Equations, Section 00001 Professor Ivan T. Ivanov  \nMay 15 2015  \nPharmacokinetics of Adderall  \nTable of Contents  \nIntroduction 2  \nTheory behind Pharmacology 2  \nAdderall 4  \nPharmacokinetics 6  \nSituation 1: Blood-Gut Pharmacokinetic Model Using Adderall 7  \nSituation 2: Contrasting Behaviours of Adderall IR and Adderall XR 11  \nSituation 3: Adderall’s Effect on a Rhesus Monkey 14  \nSituation 4: Administering Drugs every 4, 8 & 16 hours 16  \nConclusion 19  \nWorks Cited 20  \nAppendix A 21  \nAppendix B 23  \nIntroduction  \nMost drugs fall into the categories of stimulants, depressants, opiates and hallucinogens, where the drugs can be addictive, induce dependency and have different effects on the human body. Some examples of drugs are Tylenol and Aspirin, as well as Marijuana and Tobacco. In addition, pharmacologists help expand the medical field by studying drugs through examining the interactions between chemical substances and living organisms before making drugs available to the population. Hence, this project will model the pharmacokinetics of a drug by studying its dissipation and removal rates in the body.  \nTheory behind Pharmacology  \nPharmacology is the science that deals with drugs, their properties, actions and effects in the body. It involves the sciences of pharmaceutics for the preparation of the drugs, therapeutics for using drugs to treat diseases and toxicosis for the various side-effects (Magoma) . Pharmacology can be divided into five processes:  \n1. The pharmaceutical process of drugs – chemical synthesis, formulation and distribution of drugs.  \n2. The pharmacokinetic process – the time course of drug concentration in the body via absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of the drug.  \n3. The pharmacodynamics process – the mechanism of drug action – interaction of drugs with the body.  \n4. The therapeutic process – the clinical response arising from the pharmacodynamics process.  \n5. The toxicological process – various effects of drugs.  \nFigure 1: Relationships between the five pharmacological processes  \n*This project will examine mainly the pharmacokinetics of Adderall Extended (XR) *  \nAdderall  \nHistory: Shire Pharmaceuticals Group created the Adderall drug in 1996 and has continued to produce this drug until 2007. After 2007, Teva Pharmaceuticals started to produce this drug. Presently, two types of Adderall exist: Adderall XR (extended released) and Adderall IR (immediate release) . Originally, the instant released tablet version had been the only type available. In 2002, Adderall XR began to be manufactured. Adderall XR provides an extended release by distributing only half the drug immediately within the system whilst releasing the other half after about four to six hours using the controlled release bead technology.  \nUsage: This drug is currently prescribed to patients with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) or narcolepsy (disorder with the nerves that affects the users control over sleep and staying awake) . Starting from around 2009, more students, mostly college students started to use the drug without being prescribed during the mid-semester and final weeks in order to keep themselves awake whilst cramming for exams. Since Adderall is a stimulant, the student will take it in order to reduce tiredness and increase focus during the examination period. Similarly to Ritalin, the FDA (Food & Drug Administration (US)) has labelled this Schedule II drug due to its high risk of abuse, which in consequence can lead to severe physical and psychological effects.  \nComposition: This drug is the remake of the former drug known as Obetrol, a discontinued dieting drug. With slight modification of Obetrol, Adderall was created. Adderall is composed of two amphetamine stereoisomers salt: 75% dextero-amphetamine (d) and 25% levoamphetamine (l) . The half-life for dextero-amphetamine is ten hours whilst its other","cbCailkdLyne8bW7","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailkdLyne8bW7","pdf",1451269,29,"English","# Introduction\n# Theory behind Pharmacology\n# Adderall\n## History\n## Usage\n## Composition\n## Effects\n## Dosage\n# Pharmacokinetics\n## Bioavailability physiology\n# Situation 1: Blood-Gut Pharmacokinetic Model Using Adderall\n# Situation 2: Contrasting Behaviours of Adderall IR and Adderall XR\n# Situation 3: Adderall’s Effect on a Rhesus Monkey\n# Situation 4: Administering Drugs every 4, 8 & 16 hours\n# Conclusion\n# Works Cited\n# Appendix A\n# Appendix B","[{\"question\":\"What are the five processes in pharmacology discussed in the project?\",\"answer\":\"The project outlines pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, therapeutic, and toxicological processes, ranging from drug preparation through time-course concentration and clinical response.\"},{\"question\":\"How do Adderall IR and Adderall XR differ in release?\",\"answer\":\"Adderall IR provides immediate release of the drug, while Adderall XR uses controlled-release technology to distribute part of the dose immediately and release the remainder after about four to six hours.\"},{\"question\":\"What factors influence Adderall XR absorption and bioavailability according to the bioavailability physiology section?\",\"answer\":\"Absorption depends on gut and intestinal pH: when pH is above seven, more drug is absorbed, while pH below seven reduces absorption and therefore lowers bioavailability.\"}]","Pharmacokinetics of Adderall - Differential Equations Project | PDF",1791843580,10]