[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-1-en-105":3,"doc-seo-162971-105":53,"doc-detail-162971-en":121},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,14,19,24,29,34,39,44,49],{"id":8,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":11,"show_sort_weight":12,"slug":13},11,1,"Template","Presentations",90,"presentations",{"id":15,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":16,"show_sort_weight":17,"slug":18},12,"Resumes",80,"resumes",{"id":20,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":21,"show_sort_weight":22,"slug":23},14,"Invoices",70,"invoices",{"id":25,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":26,"show_sort_weight":27,"slug":28},15,"Posters",60,"posters",{"id":30,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":31,"show_sort_weight":32,"slug":33},16,"Social Media",50,"social-media",{"id":35,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":36,"show_sort_weight":37,"slug":38},17,"Forms",40,"forms",{"id":40,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":41,"show_sort_weight":42,"slug":43},18,"Letters",30,"letters",{"id":45,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":46,"show_sort_weight":47,"slug":48},21,"Paper Templates",5,"papers-templates",{"id":50,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":51,"show_sort_weight":4,"slug":52},158,"General","general-158",{"code":4,"msg":54,"data":55},"ok",{"site_id":56,"language":57,"slug":58,"title":59,"keywords":60,"description":61,"schema_data":62,"social_meta":114,"head_meta":116,"extra_data":118,"updated_unix":120},105,"en","pest-information-begomoviruses-diagnostic-protocol-overview","Pest Information - Begomoviruses - Diagnostic Protocol Overview","","The document provides a pest information overview and diagnostic context for Begomoviruses within the plant virus family Geminiviridae, emphasizing their extensive host range, high genetic variability, and major economic impact on tropical and subtropical crops. It links begomovirus emergence and severity to B. tabaci whitefly transmission and outlines key genome features (bipartite ssDNA and satellite-associated variants). The text then summarizes the diagnostic limitations of biological assays and the practical role of ELISA screening alongside molecular assays for detection and identification, including approach notes aligned with a diagnostic protocol framework.",{"@graph":63,"@context":113},[64,80,96],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":11,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/presentations/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/pest-information-begomoviruses-diagnostic-protocol-overview/162971/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"author":82,"headline":59,"publisher":85,"fileFormat":88,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":89,"datePublished":90,"encodingFormat":88,"isAccessibleForFree":91,"interactionStatistic":92},"DigitalDocument",{"name":83,"@type":84},"Nguyễn Văn Học","Person",{"url":68,"name":86,"@type":87},"DocShare","Organization","application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document","2026-09-11","2026-08-31",true,{"@type":93,"interactionType":94,"userInteractionCount":9},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":95},"ViewAction",{"@type":97,"mainEntity":98},"FAQPage",[99,105,109],{"name":100,"@type":101,"acceptedAnswer":102},"Why are Begomoviruses considered a major plant virus genus?","Question",{"text":103,"@type":104},"Begomoviruses currently include hundreds of species with strong genetic variation and numerous strains linked to disease phenotypes. They also cause serious diseases and large yield losses in important crops worldwide.","Answer",{"name":106,"@type":101,"acceptedAnswer":107},"How are Begomoviruses transmitted to host plants?",{"text":108,"@type":104},"They are transmitted by Bemisia tabaci whiteflies in a circulative persistent manner. Vector invasion and distribution strongly influence begomovirus spread and prevalence.",{"name":110,"@type":101,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What diagnostic approach is feasible for large-scale screening and what are its limits?",{"text":112,"@type":104},"ELISA serological tests enable fast, cost-effective screening of plant material. However, coat protein conservation limits species discrimination and mixed-infection resolution, so identification generally requires molecular assays.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":115,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":86,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":117,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":119,"site_id":56},162971,1788135168,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":122},{"doc_id":119,"user_id":123,"nickname":83,"user_avatar":124,"doc_module":9,"category_id":8,"category_name":11,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":125,"file_id":126,"file_url":127,"file_type":128,"file_size":129,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":130,"language":131,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":132,"faqs":133,"seo_title":134,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":120,"read_time":47},1374402739827,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000c97e7351f1a627?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1787885694763230660","Adoption\nThis diagnostic protocol was adopted by the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures in 20--.\nThe annex is a prescriptive part of ISPM 27 (Diagnostic protocols for regulated pests).\n1.\tPest Information\nThe genus Begomovirus (family Geminiviridae) currently involves 288 species (International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, 2014) and thus is the largest genus of plant viruses. New viruses are continuously described and in addition to new species, a very high genetic variation exists within the virus species. Thus a large number of strains and unique genome variants are described and associated with particular disease phenotypes (Kon and Gilbertson, 2012).\nBegomoviruses have a broad host range infecting dicotyledonous plants including many species of horticultural and agricultural crops mainly from the Solanaceae, Fabaceae, Cucurbitaceae. The viruses cause serious diseases with enormous yield losses in important world crops including, tomato, cucurbits, cassava and cotton grown in tropical and subtropical regions.\nIn EPPO region Tomato yellow leaf curl virus and related viruses (A2/182), Squash leaf curl virus (A2/224) are present, the newly emerging Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (Alert list) has become a serious problem in zucchini. Bean golden mosaic virus (A1/204) and Tomato mottle virus and other American begomoviruses of capsicum and tomato (A1/225) are quarantine pests for Europe as host plants are widely distributed and virus introduction could result in high economic damage. Further begomoviruses were formerly listed in the EPPO Alert list however are currently not listed as they are covered by the list of Bemisia-transmitted viruses in EU regulations and thus are not considered as an alert situation.\nBegomoviruses are transmitted by B. tabaci whiteflies in a circulative persistent manner (Czosnek et al. 2002). These insects are abundant in tropical and subtropical regions of the world and in Mediterranean countries (\u0013 HYPERLINK \"http://www.cabi.org\" \u0014http://www.cabi.org\u0015). B. tabaci is a complex composed of at least 34 cryptic species (Boykin and De Barro, 2014). The B. tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1, former B biotype) and the Mediterranean (MED, former Q biotype) species are invasive and now found in many parts of the world, in Mediterranean Europe, North Africa, USA, China and other Asian countries (http://www.efsa.europa.eu/de/efsajournal/pub/3162). Coinciding the world-wide invasion of this species, begomoviruses are found; the most prevalent and serious are those infecting tomatoes with TYLCV being the most prominent.\nBegomoviruses have ssDNA genomes encapsidated in twinned icosahedral nucleocapsids (38 nm long, 22 nm in diameter). They have ether bipartite genomes consisting of two small circular single stranded DNA-A and DNA-B components (~2.7 kb) or a DNA-A like monopartite genome. Many monopartite begomoviruses have associated with beta satellite and alpha satellite molecules also consisting of circular ssDNA of ~1.4 kb. Over 100 beta satellites are currently known (Mansoor et al. 2006; \u0013 HYPERLINK \"http://www.dpvweb.net/notes/showallgenusseqs.php?genus=Begomovirus%20betasatellites\" \u0014www.dpvweb.net/notes/showallgenusseqs.php?genus=Begomovirus%20betasatellites\u0015). They depend on their helper virus for replication and encapsidation, contribute to the systemic spread of the helper virus, interfere with host resistance responses and/or increase virus virulence and thus play an important role in symptom development (Briddon et al 2003, Idris et al, 2005). In some cases systemic symptoms are only expressed when DNA-beta is present (Mansoor et al., 2003; Saeed et al., 2005; Saunders et al., 2000).\nFurther information on begomoviruses, including a complete list of accepted begomovirus species, the species listed by EPPO and their distribution, distribution of the insect vector B. tabaci can be found at the following websites:\n\u0013 HYPERLINK \"http://www.ictvonline.org/virustaxonomy.asp\" \u0014http://www.ictvonl","cbCaieoLNJXNvKJx","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieoLNJXNvKJx","docx",1135209,13,"English","# Pest Information\n## Taxonomic Information\n## Virus detection and identification","[{\"question\":\"Why are Begomoviruses considered a major plant virus genus?\",\"answer\":\"Begomoviruses currently include hundreds of species with strong genetic variation and numerous strains linked to disease phenotypes. They also cause serious diseases and large yield losses in important crops worldwide.\"},{\"question\":\"How are Begomoviruses transmitted to host plants?\",\"answer\":\"They are transmitted by Bemisia tabaci whiteflies in a circulative persistent manner. Vector invasion and distribution strongly influence begomovirus spread and prevalence.\"},{\"question\":\"What diagnostic approach is feasible for large-scale screening and what are its limits?\",\"answer\":\"ELISA serological tests enable fast, cost-effective screening of plant material. However, coat protein conservation limits species discrimination and mixed-infection resolution, so identification generally requires molecular assays.\"}]","Pest Information - Begomoviruses - Diagnostic Protocol Overview | DOCX"]