[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-572415-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-1-en-105":80,"doc-detail-572415-en":126},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":73,"head_meta":75,"extra_data":77,"updated_unix":79},105,"en","organic-chemistry-revision-sheets-reactions-for-cie-a-level-chemistry-alkanes-and-halogenoalkanes","Organic Chemistry Revision Sheets - Reactions for CIE A-Level Chemistry - Alkanes and Halogenoalkanes","","Organic Chemistry revision sheets summarizing key CIE A-Level reactions for alkanes, halogenoalkanes, and alkenes. The notes cover combustion with excess oxygen versus oxygen limitation, free-radical substitution under UV light, nucleophilic substitution routes using hydroxide, cyanide, and ammonia (including solvent and reflux conditions), and substitution–elimination competition controlled by hydroxide conditions. Alkenes addition reactions with HBr and Br2 are also included, emphasizing product formation and carbocation/intermediate control for unsymmetrical cases.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/","Template",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/general/","General",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/organic-chemistry-revision-sheets-reactions-for-cie-a-level-chemistry-alkanes-and-halogenoalkanes/572415/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/organic-chemistry-revision-sheets-reactions-for-cie-a-level-chemistry-alkanes-and-halogenoalkanes/572415.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":42,"@type":43},"moss~","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-23","2026-10-13",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":33},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"What products form in complete versus incomplete combustion of alkanes?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"With excess oxygen, combustion is complete, producing carbon dioxide and water only. When oxygen is limiting, carbon monoxide and solid carbon (soot) can form.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"How does UV light affect free radical substitution of alkanes?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"UV light provides energy to homolytically split the halogen molecule, generating radical species. This initiates a chain reaction that proceeds through initiation, propagation, and termination.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"Why does solvent choice matter in halogenoalkane substitutions and elimination?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"Solvent conditions influence whether substitution or elimination dominates and which product proportion forms. Hot aqueous hydroxide favors alcohol formation, while hot ethanolic hydroxide favors alkene formation, and reaction conditions also affect side pathways.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":74,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":76,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":78,"site_id":7},572415,1792087360,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":82},"success",[83,88,93,98,103,108,113,118,123],{"id":84,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},11,"Presentations",90,"presentations",{"id":89,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":90,"show_sort_weight":91,"slug":92},12,"Resumes",80,"resumes",{"id":94,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},14,"Invoices",70,"invoices",{"id":99,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":100,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":102},15,"Posters",60,"posters",{"id":104,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":105,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":107},16,"Social Media",50,"social-media",{"id":109,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":110,"show_sort_weight":111,"slug":112},17,"Forms",40,"forms",{"id":114,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":115,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},18,"Letters",30,"letters",{"id":119,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},21,"Paper Templates",5,"papers-templates",{"id":124,"doc_module":22,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":4,"slug":125},158,"general-158",{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":127},{"doc_id":78,"user_id":128,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":129,"doc_module":22,"category_id":124,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":130,"file_id":131,"file_url":132,"file_type":133,"file_size":134,"view_count":33,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":135,"language":136,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":137,"faqs":138,"seo_title":139,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":140,"read_time":141},962090895452,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Organic Chemistry Revision Sheets Reactions for CIEA-Level Chemistry  \n Alkanes Combustion   \nREACTANTS: Alkane and O2 (oxygen)  \nCONDITIONS: Excess of Oxygen (for complete combustion)  \nPRODUCT(S): Carbon Dioxide and Water  \nREACTION TYPE: Combustion  \nREACTION:(example of pentane)  \nNOTES:  \n• When excess oxygen is present complete combustion occurs so carbon dioxide and water are the only products.  \n• Incomplete combustion of alkanes occurs when oxygen becomes a limiting reagent, leading to the formation of carbon monoxide (CO) and solid carbon particulates (soot) .  \nOrganic Chemistry Revision Sheets Reactions for CIEA-Level Chemistry  \n Alkanes Free Radical Substitution   \nREACTANTS: Alkanes and Halogen  \nCONDITIONS: U.V (ultraviolet) light  \nPRODUCT: Halogenoalkane  \nREACTION TYPE: Free Radical Substitution  \nREACTION:(example of methane)  \nNOTES:  \n• Chain reaction, occuring in three steps-initiation , propagation and termination. See mechanism.  \n• U.V light is required to homolytically split halogen molecule, forming two radical species.  \n• Further substitution can occur, forming di, tri and tetra halogenoalkanes.  \nOrganic Chemistry Revision Sheets Reactions for CIEA-Level Chemistry  \nHalogenoalkanes Substitution (OH-)   \nREACTANTS: Halogenoalkane and Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH (for OH- ions)  \nCONDITIONS: Heat under reflux, Aqueous ('aq' -water present)  \nPRODUCT(S): Alcohol and Halide Ion (sodium halide salt if sodium hydroxide used)  \nREACTION TYPE: Nucleophilic Substitution, Hydrolysis  \nREACTION:(example of bromoethane)  \nNOTES:  \n• Rate of reaction is determined by strength of carbon-halogen bond (carbon-flourine bond is strongest giving slowest rate; carbon-iodine bond is weakest, giving fastest rate) .  \n• Rate of hydrolysis can compared using aqueous silver nitrate (AgNO3) within the reaction mixture and timing how long it takes to form precipitate (Cl = white ppt, Br = cream ppt and I = yellow ppt) .  \n• Reaction must be carried out in aqueous conditions, otherwise an elimination can occur.  \nOrganic Chemistry Revision Sheets Reactions for CIEA-Level Chemistry  \nHalogenoalkanes Substitution (CN-)   \nREACTANTS: Halogenoalkane and Sodium or Potassium Cyanide (NaCN or KCN)  \nCONDITIONS: Heat under reflux, Ethanolic (ethanol as the solvent, no water present)  \nPRODUCT(S): Nitrile and Halide Ion (forms salt with Na+ or K+)  \nREACTION TYPE: Nucleophilic Substitution  \nREACTION:(example of pentane)  \nNOTES:  \n• Rate of reaction is determined by strength of carbon-halogen bond (carbon-flourine bond is strongest, giving slowest rate; carbon-iodine bond is weakest, giving fastest rate) .  \n• Reaction must be carried out in ethanolic conditions (in ethanol, no water present), otherwise an alcohol is likely to form rather than the nitrile.  \n• Reaction is heated under reflux to ensure no volatile substances are lost.  \nOrganic Chemistry Revision Sheets Reactions for CIEA-Level Chemistry  \nHalogenoalkanes Substitution (NH3)   \nREACTANTS: Halogenoalkane and Ammonia (NH3)  \nCONDITIONS: Heat* , Ethanolic (ethanol as the solvent, no water present)  \nPRODUCT(S): Amine and Ammonium Halide Salt  \nREACTION TYPE: Nucleophilic Substitution  \nREACTION:(example of bromoethane)  \nNOTES:  \n• Reaction must be carried out in ethanolic conditions (in ethanol, no water present), otherwise an alcohol is likely to form rather than the amine.  \n• *A sealed container (to stop ammonia escaping) containing reactants is heated.  \n• The amine formed in the reaction is a stronger base than ammonia and an ammonium-alkyl [RNH3]+ salt may be formed. The amine can be obtained by adding sodium hydroxide to the mixture-forcing the alkyl-ammonium ion to 'release' a H+ ion and become a neutral molecule.  \n• Rate of reaction is determined by strength of carbon-halogen bond (carbon-flourine bond is strongest, giving slowest rate; carbon-iodine bond is weakest, giving fastest rate) .  \nOrganic Chemistry Revision Sheets Reactions for CIEA-Level Chemistry  \nHal","cbCainQ6gYx2KExG","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainQ6gYx2KExG","pdf",3654673,26,"English","# Alkanes - Combustion\n# Alkanes - Free Radical Substitution\n# Halogenoalkanes - Substitution (OH-)\n# Halogenoalkanes - Substitution (CN-)\n# Halogenoalkanes - Substitution (NH3)\n# Halogenoalkanes - Substitution and Elimination (OH-)\n# Alkenes - Addition (HBr)\n# Alkenes - Addition (Br2)","[{\"question\":\"What products form in complete versus incomplete combustion of alkanes?\",\"answer\":\"With excess oxygen, combustion is complete, producing carbon dioxide and water only. When oxygen is limiting, carbon monoxide and solid carbon (soot) can form.\"},{\"question\":\"How does UV light affect free radical substitution of alkanes?\",\"answer\":\"UV light provides energy to homolytically split the halogen molecule, generating radical species. This initiates a chain reaction that proceeds through initiation, propagation, and termination.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does solvent choice matter in halogenoalkane substitutions and elimination?\",\"answer\":\"Solvent conditions influence whether substitution or elimination dominates and which product proportion forms. Hot aqueous hydroxide favors alcohol formation, while hot ethanolic hydroxide favors alkene formation, and reaction conditions also affect side pathways.\"}]","Organic Chemistry Revision Sheets - Reactions for CIE A-Level Chemistry - Alkanes and Halogenoalkanes | PDF",1791927290,9]