[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-1-en-105":3,"doc-seo-563277-105":53,"doc-detail-563277-en":126},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,14,19,24,29,34,39,44,49],{"id":8,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":11,"show_sort_weight":12,"slug":13},11,1,"Template","Presentations",90,"presentations",{"id":15,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":16,"show_sort_weight":17,"slug":18},12,"Resumes",80,"resumes",{"id":20,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":21,"show_sort_weight":22,"slug":23},14,"Invoices",70,"invoices",{"id":25,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":26,"show_sort_weight":27,"slug":28},15,"Posters",60,"posters",{"id":30,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":31,"show_sort_weight":32,"slug":33},16,"Social Media",50,"social-media",{"id":35,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":36,"show_sort_weight":37,"slug":38},17,"Forms",40,"forms",{"id":40,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":41,"show_sort_weight":42,"slug":43},18,"Letters",30,"letters",{"id":45,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":46,"show_sort_weight":47,"slug":48},21,"Paper Templates",5,"papers-templates",{"id":50,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":51,"show_sort_weight":4,"slug":52},158,"General","general-158",{"code":4,"msg":54,"data":55},"ok",{"site_id":56,"language":57,"slug":58,"title":59,"keywords":60,"description":61,"schema_data":62,"social_meta":119,"head_meta":121,"extra_data":123,"updated_unix":125},105,"en","not-just-intelligence-stratifies-the-occupational-hierarchy","(Not just) Intelligence stratifies the occupational hierarchy","","Occupational sorting reshapes social stratification and inequality by linking individuals to different professions. The psychometric view treats intelligence as a necessary condition to enter and remain in cognitively demanding occupations, producing a cognitive stratification reflected in occupational mean IQ and social outcomes like status and pay. Earlier work was criticized for representativeness and small samples, so this study confirms the view in a large representative dataset and extends it to nine non-cognitive traits, including rare occupations.",{"@graph":63,"@context":118},[64,80,101],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":51,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/general/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/not-just-intelligence-stratifies-the-occupational-hierarchy/563277/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"image":82,"author":87,"headline":59,"publisher":90,"fileFormat":93,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":94,"datePublished":95,"encodingFormat":93,"isAccessibleForFree":96,"interactionStatistic":97},"DigitalDocument",{"url":83,"@type":84,"width":85,"height":86},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/not-just-intelligence-stratifies-the-occupational-hierarchy/563277.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":88,"@type":89},"Dusta123","Person",{"url":68,"name":91,"@type":92},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-25","2026-10-12",true,{"@type":98,"interactionType":99,"userInteractionCount":79},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":100},"ViewAction",{"@type":102,"mainEntity":103},"FAQPage",[104,110,114],{"name":105,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":107},"What is the core idea of the study about intelligence and occupations?","Question",{"text":108,"@type":109},"The study argues that intelligence helps drive occupational sorting, creating observable cognitive stratification across the occupational hierarchy.","Answer",{"name":111,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How does intelligence relate to social stratification and inequality?",{"text":113,"@type":109},"Occupational sorting has significant implications for social stratification and inequality, with occupational mean IQ strongly associated with status and pay measures.",{"name":115,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What limitations in prior research does the study address?",{"text":117,"@type":109},"Prior research faced concerns about representativeness and small sample sizes, which the study tackles using a large representative sample.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":120,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":91,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":122,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":124,"site_id":56},563277,1792482382,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":127},{"doc_id":124,"user_id":128,"nickname":88,"user_avatar":129,"doc_module":9,"category_id":50,"category_name":51,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":130,"file_id":131,"file_url":132,"file_type":133,"file_size":134,"view_count":79,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":135,"language":136,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":60,"faqs":137,"seo_title":138,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":139,"read_time":140},962093541925,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","Intelligence 98 (2023) 101755  \nContents lists available at ScienceDirect  \nIntelligence  \njournal [homepage:](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/intell)[ www.elsevier.com/locate/intell](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/intell)  \n| (Not just) Intelligence stratifies the occupational hierarchy: Ranking 360 professions by IQ and non-cognitive traits |  |  | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| *\u003Cbr>Tobias Wolfram\u003Cbr>Faculty of Sociology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany |  |  |  |\n| A R T I C L E I N F O |  | A B S T R A C T |  |\n| Keywords: Intelligence\u003Cbr>Social stratification Occupation\u003Cbr>Non-cognitive traits |  | Occupational sorting, the process of individuals actively selecting into and being selected for different occupations, has significant implications for social stratification and inequality. The psychometric view of occupational differentials in ability emphasizes the importance of intelligence for occupational sorting, as it acts as a necessary condition to enter and remain in certain professions due to their high cognitive demand. The resulting cognitive stratification of the occupational hierarchy leads to strong associations between occupational mean IQ and sociological measures of occupational status and pay. Past research has been criticized for lack of representativeness and small sample sizes. In this study, we both confirm the psychometric view in a large representative sample and extend it to a set of nine non-cognitive traits. We show that the psychometric view holds (on a weaker level) for multiple non-cognitive traits, and using small-area estimation, we provide precise mean estimates and rankings of intelligence and non-cognitive traits for 360 occupations, including rare professions. Keywords: Social Stratification, Occupation, Non-Cognitive Traits. |  |\n\nOccupation is a significant aspect of adult life (Lambert & Griffiths, 2018), with individuals spending 60,000 to 80,000 h working over a period of 30 to 40 years, shaping both their economic prospects and personal identity. Career choice is often central to an individual’s selfconcept and personal fulfillment (Banks et al., 1992), while also providing insights into their skills, earning potential, and social status (Hauser & Warren, 1997). As a result, occupation is a fundamental facet of modern society that has been widely studied across various disciplines.  \nSince the earliest days of modern psychometrics, researchers have quantified the cognitive differences between occupations, creating comprehensive lists of mean occupational cognitive ability (i.e. Gottfredson, 1997; Harrell & Harrell, 1945; Yerkes, 1921) and studying cognitive ability levels of particular professions (i.e. Jordan, 1932; McManus, Smithers, Philippa Partridge, & Keeling, and Peter RFleming., 2003; Scharfen & Memmert, 2019; Wai, 2013). A recent study (Usher et al., 2021) for example investigated the mean cognitive ability of aerospace engineers and neurosurgeons, professions colloquially seen as the epitome of cognitive demand, and found virtually no significant  \ndifferences, neither between both occupations nor to the general population-a result that generated substantial public interest.1  \nThe great resonance to this finding might be due to its counter intuitive nature, given that theory and previous work strongly suggest otherwise: The effect of individual level cognitive ability on virtually every life outcome is well established (Ritchie, 2015; Warne, 2020). A rich literature links socioeconomic outcomes, such as income (Murray, 1998), social class (Strenze, 2007) and education (Deary, Strand, Smith,& Fernandes, 2007) to cognitive ability. It affects job performance on all levels of complexity, training success in military and civilian contexts as well as leadership and creativity (Kuncel & Hezlett, 2010; Schmidt & Hunter, 1998, 2004). Such performance differences remain, even if investments are undertaken to provide adequate training, and they do not vanish with growin","cbCaitSybjeRvZAT","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitSybjeRvZAT","pdf",3025667,25,"English","[{\"question\":\"What is the core idea of the study about intelligence and occupations?\",\"answer\":\"The study argues that intelligence helps drive occupational sorting, creating observable cognitive stratification across the occupational hierarchy.\"},{\"question\":\"How does intelligence relate to social stratification and inequality?\",\"answer\":\"Occupational sorting has significant implications for social stratification and inequality, with occupational mean IQ strongly associated with status and pay measures.\"},{\"question\":\"What limitations in prior research does the study address?\",\"answer\":\"Prior research faced concerns about representativeness and small sample sizes, which the study tackles using a large representative sample.\"}]","(Not just) Intelligence stratifies the occupational hierarchy | PDF",1791826084,9]