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Building on limited Joint Cognitive System (JCS) perspectives, the paper develops a JCS model for an IMT using literature findings and naturalistic observations from simulated incident action planning across multiple scales. Three resilience measures—recovery time, resource status, and interactions—are proposed. Interactive Episode Analysis is adapted to represent resilient performance, with examples demonstrating an objective assessment approach and enabling descriptive modeling of similar systems.",{"@graph":63,"@context":119},[64,80,102],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":11,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/presentations/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/modeling-an-incident-management-team-as-a-joint-cognitive-system-resilience-measures-and-interactive-episode-analysis/244326/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"image":82,"author":87,"headline":59,"publisher":90,"fileFormat":93,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":94,"datePublished":95,"encodingFormat":93,"isAccessibleForFree":96,"interactionStatistic":97},"DigitalDocument",{"url":83,"@type":84,"width":85,"height":86},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/modeling-an-incident-management-team-as-a-joint-cognitive-system-resilience-measures-and-interactive-episode-analysis/244326.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":88,"@type":89},"Stanford","Person",{"url":68,"name":91,"@type":92},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-09-12",true,{"@type":98,"interactionType":99,"userInteractionCount":101},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":100},"ViewAction",8,{"@type":103,"mainEntity":104},"FAQPage",[105,111,115],{"name":106,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":108},"What capability does the paper focus on for Incident Management Teams?","Question",{"text":109,"@type":110},"It focuses on resilience as an essential capability for planning and responding to disasters and catastrophes.","Answer",{"name":112,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":113},"How does the paper model an IMT?",{"text":114,"@type":110},"It presents an IMT model grounded in a Joint Cognitive System (JCS) perspective, informed by literature and naturalistic observations of simulated incident action planning.",{"name":116,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Which measures are proposed to assess IMT resilience?",{"text":118,"@type":110},"The paper discusses recovery time, resource status, and interactions as three measures for IMT resilience.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":121,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":91,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":123,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":125,"site_id":56},244326,1791523420,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":128},{"doc_id":125,"user_id":129,"nickname":88,"user_avatar":130,"doc_module":9,"category_id":8,"category_name":11,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":131,"file_id":132,"file_url":133,"file_type":134,"file_size":135,"view_count":101,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":8,"language":136,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":137,"faqs":138,"seo_title":139,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":140,"read_time":79},2336477552062,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 56 (2018) 231–241  \nContents lists available at ScienceDirect  \nJournal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries  \njournal [homepage:](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/j)[ www.elsevier.com/locate/j](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/j)lp  \nModeling an incident management team as a joint cognitive system Changwon Sona,c, Farzan Sasangohara,b,c,∗, S. Camille Peresa,b,c, Timothy J. Nevilleb, Jukrin Moona, M. Sam Mannana,c  \na Industrial and Systems Engineering Department, 3131 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3131, USA b Environmental and Occupational Health Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-1266, USA  \nc Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3122, USA  \n| A R T I C L E I N F O |  | A B S T R A C T |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Keywords:\u003Cbr>Emergency management Cognitive systems\u003Cbr>Resilience engineering Disaster response\u003Cbr>Incident action planning process |  | Resilience is considered an essential capability of an Incident Management Team (IMT) in planning for and responding to disasters and catastrophes. While IMTs have been studied as a decision-making unit, few attempts were made to view them from a Joint Cognitive System (JCS) perspective that highlights the interplay among humans and technical agents and demands imposed by the incident. To that end, this paper presents a JCS model of the IMT grounded in findings from the existing literature and naturalistic observations of simulated IMT's incident action planning, which functions in a cyclic manner across multiple scales. Using this model, three measures for resilience of the IMT, recovery time, resource status, and interactions, are discussed. To effectively represent the resilient performance incorporating these measures, a novel adoption of the Interactive Episode Analysis method is utilized. By providing a few examples of the analysis method, this study provides proof-ofconcept for objective assessment of the resilience characteristics of the IMT. The proposed JCS-based IMT model can be used for descriptive modeling of similar systems to investigate resilient performance. |\n\n1. Introduction  \nDisasters have persistently challenged societal capabilities of managing risks from technical, natural or civil threats (Jain et al., 2017, 2018; Mendonça, 2007). This challenge has been repeatedly observed through extreme loss events, for example, Hurricane Harvey (Harris County Fire Marshal's Office, 2017), Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami in 2011 (Yu et al., 2017), Macondo well explosion (Birkland and DeYoung, 2011; Skogdalen et al., 2012; Sylves and Comfort, 2012), Hurricane Katrina (Comfort et al., 2010a,b; Cruz and Krausmann, 2009; Wise, 2006), and September 11 World Trade Center attack (Comfort, 2002a,b). In order to address this persistent challenge, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security has launched the National Incident Management System (NIMS) in 2004, to provide a standardized and integrated incident management template for all hazards and for all levels/types of organizations (Anderson et al., 2004; Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2004).  \nPrior to NIMS, the Incident Command System (ICS), based on the provision of fire services, was the predominate system used for crossjurisdictional operations (Perry, 2003). While ICS worked well for organizations with similar functionalities, its efficacy for inter-  \norganizational coordination and collaboration was limited. Moreover, its functioning has been shown to hinder under unplanned conditions (Bigley and Roberts, 2001). To rectify these issues, NIMS was developed to incorporate a comprehensive, interoperable and adaptable incident management framework. In addition, NIMS was designed to manage high-consequence events that necessarily involve multiple agencies, jurisdictions, organizations, and disciplines. Such even","cbCaiv3DeffxIO3N","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiv3DeffxIO3N","pdf",1681746,"English","# Introduction\n## Incident management frameworks and organizational coordination\n## Incident Command Post and the role of IMT\n## Resilience framing and gap in prior JCS views","[{\"question\":\"What capability does the paper focus on for Incident Management Teams?\",\"answer\":\"It focuses on resilience as an essential capability for planning and responding to disasters and catastrophes.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper model an IMT?\",\"answer\":\"It presents an IMT model grounded in a Joint Cognitive System (JCS) perspective, informed by literature and naturalistic observations of simulated incident action planning.\"},{\"question\":\"Which measures are proposed to assess IMT resilience?\",\"answer\":\"The paper discusses recovery time, resource status, and interactions as three measures for IMT resilience.\"}]","Modeling an incident management team as a joint cognitive system - resilience measures and interactive episode analysis | PDF",1789216041]