[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-166149-en":3,"doc-seo-166149-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-1-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":11,"category_id":12,"category_name":13,"doc_title":14,"doc_description":15,"doc_content":16,"file_id":17,"file_url":18,"file_type":19,"file_size":20,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":11,"is_downloadable":11,"audit_status":11,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":15,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},166149,687207024643,"Rhys","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2",1,158,"General","Mentefacts as a missing level in theory of information science","The paper addresses an integration problem in library and information science and knowledge organization by reconciling two competing paradigms: the cognitive approach and the sociological approach. It reconnects individual users’ personal knowledge and social production and use of knowledge to levels-of-reality theory, drawing on Nicolai Hartmann and Karl R. Popper’s “three worlds”. It examines the artefact/mentefact notions and argues for a pluralist ontology in which minds and communities are successive levels leading to objectivated spirit expressed through artefacts and mentefacts.","Mentefacts as a missing level in theory of information science\nClaudio Gnoli\nScience and Technology Library, University of Pavia, Italy\nPreprint, accepted (21 June 2018) for publication in Journal of documentation\nAbstract\nPurpose: The current debate between two theoretical approaches in library and information science and knowledge organization, the cognitive one and the sociological one, is addressed in view of their possible integration in a more general model.\t\u000bApproach: Personal knowledge of individual users, as focused in the cognitive approach, and social production and use of knowledge, as focused in the sociological approach, are reconnected to the theory of levels of reality, particularly in the versions of Nicolai Hartmann and Karl R. Popper (\"three worlds\"). The notions of artefact and mentefact, as proposed in anthropological literature and applied in some knowledge organization systems, are also examined as further contributions to the generalized framework. Some criticisms to these models are reviewed and discussed.\t\u000bFindings: Both the cognitive approach and the sociological approach, if taken in isolation, prove to be cases of philosophical monism as they emphasize a single level over the others. On the other hand, each of them can be considered as a component of a pluralist ontology and epistemology, where individual minds and social communities are but two successive levels in knowledge production and use, and are followed by a further level of \"objectivated spirit\"; this can in turn be analyzed into artefacts and mentefacts. While all these levels are relevant to information science, mentefacts and their properties are its most peculiar objects of study, which make it distinct from such other disciplines as psychology and sociology.\t\u000bValue: This analysis shows how existing approaches can benefit from additional notions contributed by levels theory, to develop more complete and accurate models of information and knowledge phenomena.\n1: Introduction: competing paradigms in LIS and KO\nThis paper discusses some aspects of currently dominating theoretical approaches to library and information science (LIS) and knowledge organization (KO).\nWe will consider LIS and KO together as they are clearly related fields, although the exact nature of their relationship can be debated. Knowledge may be commonly understood as a substantial corpus of information that is structured in some systematic ways. KO in a strict sense is usually interpreted as \"mostly affiliated with library and information science\" (Hjørland, 2016, section 1), in that many of its principles and techniques have developed in the professional context of library and documentation services. However, in a broader sense, KO also concerns the intellectual structure of knowledge in encyclopedic treatments, in teaching, in organization departments, in philosophy of science and in culture in general; LIS, on the other hand, focuses on information services and includes such practical aspects as management of services and staff, library architecture, technologies for processing and storing information, that are not central to KO. Therefore it seems to be preferable to see LIS and KO as intersecting fields.\nThe theory of LIS and KO involves both ontological and epistemological aspects. Ontological aspects concern the place of the objects studied in LIS and KO within general knowledge frameworks, that is, what these objects exactly are and which relationships they have with other kinds of entities, such as materials or people. For example, one can claim that the objects of LIS and KO are intellectual contents, or works, or documents, then discuss where these entities should be listed in a general system of knowledge.\nLIS-KO epistemology discusses which are the best approaches to perform research and gain understanding in these domains. This depends on methodological choices (e.g. user studies, bibliometric approaches, abstract approaches) as well as on the ontologica","cbCaigrqGChYzlvo","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigrqGChYzlvo","docx",39558,18,"English","en",105,"# Introduction: competing paradigms in LIS and KO\n## Research focus on ontological and epistemological aspects\n## The cognitive approach\n## The sociological approach","[{\"question\":\"What two paradigms does the paper attempt to integrate in LIS and KO?\",\"answer\":\"It targets the cognitive approach and the sociological approach, arguing they can be connected within a more general framework rather than treated in isolation.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper relate knowledge to levels of reality?\",\"answer\":\"Personal knowledge at the cognitive level and social knowledge production and use at the sociological level are mapped onto levels-of-reality theory, particularly Hartmann and Popper’s “three worlds” versions.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are mentefacts considered especially important for information science?\",\"answer\":\"The paper argues that while multiple levels matter, mentefacts and their properties are the most distinctive objects of study, differentiating information science from fields like psychology and sociology.\"}]","Mentefacts as a missing level in theory of information science | 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two paradigms does the paper attempt to integrate in LIS and KO?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"It targets the cognitive approach and the sociological approach, arguing they can be connected within a more general framework rather than treated in isolation.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does the paper relate knowledge to levels of reality?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Personal knowledge at the cognitive level and social knowledge production and use at the sociological level are mapped onto levels-of-reality theory, particularly Hartmann and Popper’s “three worlds” versions.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"Why are mentefacts considered especially important for information science?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The paper argues that while multiple levels matter, mentefacts and their properties are the most distinctive objects of study, differentiating information science from fields like psychology and 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