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Many existing approaches skip the “Pre-Judge” phase where judges form a preliminary conclusion, resulting in weak acquisition of foundational judicial elements and insufficient modeling of the Pre-Judge workflow. JUSTICE proposes a framework that emulates the “Search → Pre-Judge → Write” cognition using RJER, ICE, and JUS. Experiments show significant gains in legal accuracy, including a 4.6% improvement in prison term prediction.",{"@graph":63,"@context":118},[64,80,101],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":11,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/presentations/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/justice-judicial-unified-synthesis-through-intermediate-conclusion-emulation-for-automated-judgment-document-generation/281727/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"image":82,"author":87,"headline":59,"publisher":90,"fileFormat":93,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":94,"datePublished":95,"encodingFormat":93,"isAccessibleForFree":96,"interactionStatistic":97},"DigitalDocument",{"url":83,"@type":84,"width":85,"height":86},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/justice-judicial-unified-synthesis-through-intermediate-conclusion-emulation-for-automated-judgment-document-generation/281727.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":88,"@type":89},"นรินทร์","Person",{"url":68,"name":91,"@type":92},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-20","2026-09-16",true,{"@type":98,"interactionType":99,"userInteractionCount":47},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":100},"ViewAction",{"@type":102,"mainEntity":103},"FAQPage",[104,110,114],{"name":105,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":107},"What is the main problem with existing automated judgment document generation methods?","Question",{"text":108,"@type":109},"They often omit the “Pre-Judge” phase, which weakens both the acquisition of foundational judicial elements and the modeling of the preliminary conclusion workflow.","Answer",{"name":111,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How does JUSTICE incorporate the Pre-Judge stage?",{"text":113,"@type":109},"JUSTICE introduces RJER to retrieve legal articles and a precedent case, ICE to generate a verifiable intermediate conclusion, and JUS to synthesize inputs into the final judgment document.",{"name":115,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What improvements does JUSTICE achieve in experiments?",{"text":117,"@type":109},"Experiments on an in-domain benchmark and an out-of-distribution dataset show that JUSTICE outperforms strong baselines, including a 4.6% improvement in prison term prediction.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":120,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":91,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":122,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":124,"site_id":56},281727,1791748207,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":127},{"doc_id":124,"user_id":128,"nickname":88,"user_avatar":129,"doc_module":9,"category_id":8,"category_name":11,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":130,"file_id":131,"file_url":132,"file_type":133,"file_size":134,"view_count":47,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":15,"language":135,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":136,"faqs":137,"seo_title":138,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":139,"read_time":79},2336475104957,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/22000c4c6bd8a5076e1?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1787554080175789136","JUSTICE: Judicial Unified Synthesis Through Intermediate Conclusion Emulation for Automated Judgment Document Generation  \nBinglin Wu 1, * , Yingyi Zhang 1,2 * , Xianneng Li 1,†  \n1Dalian University of Technology, 2 City University of Hong Kong  \narXiv :2602 .08305v 1 [ cs .CL] 9 Feb 2026  \nAbstract  \nAutomated judgment document generation is a significant yet challenging legal AI task. As the conclusive written instrument issued by a court, a judgment document embodies complex legal reasoning. However, existing methods often oversimplify this complex process, particularly by omitting the “Pre-Judge” phase—a crucial step where human judges form a preliminary conclusion. This omission leads to two core challenges: 1) the ineffective acquisition of foundational judicial elements, and 2) the inadequate modeling of the Pre-Judge process, which collectively undermine the final document’s legal soundness. To address these challenges, we propose Judicial Unified Synthesis Through Intermediate Conclusion Emulation (JUSTICE), a novel framework that emulates the “Search → Pre-Judge → Write” cognitive workflow of human judges. Specifically, it introduces the PreJudge stage through three dedicated components: Referential Judicial Element Retriever (RJER), Intermediate Conclusion Emulator (ICE), and Judicial Unified Synthesizer (JUS) . RJER first retrieves legal articles and a precedent case to establish a referential foundation. ICE then operationalizes the Pre-Judge phase by generating a verifiable intermediate conclusion. Finally, JUS synthesizes these inputs to craft the final judgment. Experiments on both an in-domain legal benchmark and an out-of-distribution dataset show that JUSTICE significantly outperforms strong baselines, with substantial gains in legal accuracy, including a 4.6% improvement in prison term prediction. Our findings underscore the importance of explicitly modeling the Pre-Judge process to enhance the legal coherence and accuracy of generated judgment documents.  \n1 Introduction  \nIn recent years, the rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) (Cui et al. 2023; Yang et al. 2023, 2025) has led to their widespread application in the legal domain fortasks such as similar case retrieval (Li et al. 2025b; Gao et al. 2024) and legal question answering (Hu et al. 2025; Louis, van Dijck, and Spanakis 2024) . Among the numerous legal AI tasks, automated judgment document generation stands out as a significant yet challenging problem. As an essential part of the judicial process, a judgment document is the  \n*Equal contribution.†Corresponding author.  \nFigure 1: Illustration of the challenges of the existing Judgment Document Generation method.  \nconclusive written instrument issued by a court after adjudicating a case, embodying complex legal reasoning (Kumar et al. 2013; Zander 2015) . In practice, the writing of these documents by human judges is a time-consuming and laborintensive endeavor. As illustrated in Figure 1(a), this process typically involves three stages: 1) a Search stage to consult extensive legal materials, including applicable statutes and reference precedents; 2) a Pre-Judge stage to integrate these materials with case facts and form a preliminary conclusion; and 3) a Write stage to compose the final judgment that articulates the underlying legal reasoning.  \nThe task of judgment document generation requires a system to automatically create a complete legal document from a case’s fact description, encompassing sections such as litigant information, findings of fact, adjudication reasoning, and the final judgment result (Su et al. 2025) . Although the advent of LLMs has simplified text generation, producing a Chinese judgment document demands more than mere textual fluency; it necessitates complex legal reasoning, precise  \ncitation of legal articles, and the integration of key case facts. As illustrated in Figure 1(b), existing LLM-based methods typically follow a simplified pipeline: after receiv","cbCaimnPegU3eR8P","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimnPegU3eR8P","pdf",1993672,"English","# Introduction\n## Automated judgment document generation as a legal AI task\n## Human judges’ workflow: Search, Pre-Judge, Write\n## Challenges from omitting the Pre-Judge phase","[{\"question\":\"What is the main problem with existing automated judgment document generation methods?\",\"answer\":\"They often omit the “Pre-Judge” phase, which weakens both the acquisition of foundational judicial elements and the modeling of the preliminary conclusion workflow.\"},{\"question\":\"How does JUSTICE incorporate the Pre-Judge stage?\",\"answer\":\"JUSTICE introduces RJER to retrieve legal articles and a precedent case, ICE to generate a verifiable intermediate conclusion, and JUS to synthesize inputs into the final judgment document.\"},{\"question\":\"What improvements does JUSTICE achieve in experiments?\",\"answer\":\"Experiments on an in-domain benchmark and an out-of-distribution dataset show that JUSTICE outperforms strong baselines, including a 4.6% improvement in prison term prediction.\"}]","JUSTICE - Judicial Unified Synthesis Through Intermediate Conclusion Emulation for Automated Judgment Document Generation | PDF",1789567770]