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The manual emphasizes that methods included in the edition are editorially chosen, while exclusion does not always mean prohibition, and prior editions may not reflect updated safety content. It provides guidance on reproducibility, reliance on manufacturer instructions, alignment with Laboratory Documents standards, regulatory requirements, FDA approval for alternatives, and proper use of standard precautions. Subsequent sections list stepwise methods for shipping hazardous materials, temperature monitoring, specimen treatment, solution and dilution preparation, red cell suspension and buffer use, tube agglutination grading, and extensive red cell typing, antibody detection, identification, and compatibility testing workflows.",{"@graph":63,"@context":118},[64,80,101],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":51,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/general/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/general-laboratory-methods-method-1-1-to-2-23/161713/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"image":82,"author":87,"headline":59,"publisher":90,"fileFormat":93,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":94,"datePublished":95,"encodingFormat":93,"isAccessibleForFree":96,"interactionStatistic":97},"DigitalDocument",{"url":83,"@type":84,"width":85,"height":86},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/general-laboratory-methods-method-1-1-to-2-23/161713.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":88,"@type":89},"Xiajie","Person",{"url":68,"name":91,"@type":92},"DocShare","Organization","application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document","2026-09-20","2026-08-30",true,{"@type":98,"interactionType":99,"userInteractionCount":73},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":100},"ViewAction",{"@type":102,"mainEntity":103},"FAQPage",[104,110,114],{"name":105,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":107},"How should laboratories select and use methods described in this technical manual edition?","Question",{"text":108,"@type":109},"Included methods reflect the authors’ and editors’ subjective decisions, and exclusion does not necessarily mean a procedure is prohibited. Facilities should follow manufacturer instructions for specific reagents and perform the same procedure in the same manner to ensure reproducible and comparable results.","Answer",{"name":111,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What safety and regulatory requirements apply when using alternative procedures?",{"text":113,"@type":109},"Written procedures should align with Laboratory Documents and FDA regulatory requirements (including Title 21 CFR Part 606.65(e) guidance). Alternative procedures and exceptions require FDA approval, must be validated with appropriate controls, and should be incorporated into a standard operating procedure before medical director approval.",{"name":115,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What are the core steps of pretransfusion compatibility testing described in the manual?",{"text":117,"@type":109},"Pretransfusion testing begins with the type and screen procedure: determine the recipient’s ABO group and Rh type, then use a screening test to detect unexpected non-ABO antibodies. If antibodies are detected, identify their specificity using an antibody identification panel and screen donor units matching the corresponding ABO and Rh antigens.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":120,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":91,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":122,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":124,"site_id":56},161713,1788108374,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":127},{"doc_id":124,"user_id":128,"nickname":88,"user_avatar":129,"doc_module":9,"category_id":50,"category_name":51,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":130,"file_id":131,"file_url":132,"file_type":133,"file_size":134,"view_count":73,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":135,"language":136,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":137,"faqs":138,"seo_title":139,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":125,"read_time":140},8814010472675,"https://avatar.qwps.com/avatar/WGlhamll","\u000f\nGENERAL LABORATORY METHODS\nMethod Selection\nThe inclusion of a method in this edition of the Technical Manual is a subjective decision of the authors and editors.  Exclusion from the current edition does not necessarily indicate that a method’s use is prohibited. However, some procedures were removed because the chemicals used in the procedures could present a safety risk or the methods are no longer needed or applicable. Readers are cautioned when referring to procedures in previous editions because they have not been reviewed for content and safety since publication in these editions.\nMethods given here are reliable, straightforward, and representative of current practice. Personnel should always consult the instructions from the manufacturer of a specific reagent and follow the directions provided.\nAlthough the investigation of unusual problems often requires flexibility in thought and methodology, the adoption of uniform methods for routine procedures in the laboratory is imperative. In order for laboratory personnel to have reproducible and comparable results in a test procedure, it is essential that everyone in the laboratory perform the same procedure in the same manner.\nGeneral Notes\nThe methods outlined in the following sections are examples of acceptable procedures. Other acceptable procedures may be used by facilities if desired. To the greatest extent possible, the written procedures should conform to the Laboratory Documents: Development and Control; Approved Guideline developed by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. As indicated in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 606.65(e), the manufacturer’s instructions (eg, product insert) for reagents and supplies licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) must be followed. Alternative procedures and exceptions can require FDA approval as described in 21 CFR 640.120. Alternative procedures must be validated using appropriate controls and incorporated into a standard operating procedure before approval by the medical director. It is important to use Standard Precautions when appropriate.\nUse of These Methods\nThese methods are provided in a convenient electronic format so that blood banks, transfusion services, and cellular therapy laboratories may adopt them with or without customization. Such facilities may do so without prior permission from the copyright holder, AABB. However, other publishers, content aggregators, course pack developers, and website administrators must obtain permission in advance for use of the material.\n\u000f\nMETHOD 1-1. SHIPPING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS\n\u000f\nMETHOD 1-2. MONITORING TEMPERATURE DURING SHIPMENT OF BLOOD\n\u000f\nMETHOD 1-3. TREATING INCOMPLETELY CLOTTED SPECIMENS\n\u000f\nMETHOD 1-4. SOLUTION PREPARATION PROCEDURE\n\u000f\nMETHOD 1-5. SERUM DILUTION PROCEDURE\n\u000f\nMETHOD 1-6. DILUTION OF PERCENTAGE SOLUTIONS PROCEDURE\n\u000f\nMETHOD 1-7. PREPARING A 3% RED CELL SUSPENSION\n\u000f\nMETHOD 1-8. PREPARING AND USING PHOSPHATE BUFFER\n\u000f\nMETHOD 1-9. READING AND GRADING TUBE AGGLUTINATION\n\u000f\nRED CELL TYPING METHODS\nIf the antigens on a donor’s red cells are not an identical match to those of the recipient, transfused blood is capable of inducing an antibody response in the recipient. Thus, it is important to identify the antigenic substances on both the donor’s red cells and those of the intended recipient.\nThe most immunogenic and clinically important antibodies are those directed against antigens of the ABO and Rh blood groups. Donor blood samples are routinely typed for ABO and Rh at the time of donation. The ABO group is confirmed when the Red Blood Cell unit is received in the hospital’s transfusion service, and the Rh type is confirmed on units labeled Rh negative. Recipient samples are typed before transfusion.\nMETHOD 2-1. DETERMINING ABO GROUP OF RED CELLS—SLIDE TEST\n\u000f\nMETHOD 2-2. DETERMINING ABO GROUP OF RED CELLS AND SERUM—TUBE TEST\n\u000f\nMETHOD 2-3. DETERMINING ABO GROUP OF RED CELLS AND SERUM—MICROPLATE TEST\n\u000f\nMETHOD 2-4. INITIAL INVESTIGATIO","cbCaisdGcLdM8TKq","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisdGcLdM8TKq","docx",1686963,196,"English","# Method Selection\n## General Notes\n## Use of These Methods\n# Shipping and Shipment Procedures\n## Method 1-1. Shipping hazardous materials\n## Method 1-2. Monitoring temperature during shipment of blood\n## Method 1-3. Treating incompletely clotted specimens\n## Method 1-4. Solution preparation procedure\n## Method 1-5. Serum dilution procedure\n## Method 1-6. Dilution of percentage solutions procedure\n## Method 1-7. Preparing a 3% red cell suspension\n## Method 1-8. Preparing and using phosphate buffer\n## Method 1-9. Reading and grading tube agglutination\n# Red Cell Typing Methods\n## Method 2-1. Determining ABO group of red cells—slide test\n## Method 2-2. Determining ABO group of red cells and serum—tube test\n## Method 2-3. Determining ABO group of red cells and serum—microplate test\n## Method 2-4. Initial investigation of ABO grouping discrepancies procedure\n## Method 2-5. Detecting weak A and B antigens and antibodies by cold temperature enhancement\n## Method 2-6. Confirming weak A and B antigens using enzyme-treated red cells\n## Method 2-7. Confirming weak A or B subgroup by adsorption and elution\n## Method 2-8. Testing saliva for A, B, H, Lea, and Leb antigens\n## Method 2-9. Confirming anti-A1 in an A2 or weak A subgroup\n## Method 2-10. Resolving ABO discrepancies caused by unexpected alloantibodies\n## Method 2-11. Determining serum group without centrifugation\n## Method 2-12. Determining Rh(D) type—slide test\n## Method 2-13. Determining Rh(D) type—tube test\n## Method 2-14. Determining Rh(D) type—microplate test\n## Method 2-15. Testing for weak D\n## Method 2-16. Preparing and using lectins\n## Method 2-17. Removing autoantibody by warm saline washes\n## Method 2-18. Using sulfhydryl reagents to disperse autoagglutination\n## Method 2-19. Using gentle heat elution to test red cells with a positive DAT result\n## Method 2-20. Dissociating IgG by chloroquine for antigen testing of red cells with a positive DAT result\n## Method 2-21. Using acid glycine/EDTA to remove antibodies from red cells\n## Method 2-22. Separating transfused from autoologous red cells by simple centrifugation\n## Method 2-23. Separating transfused from autologous red cells in patients with hemoglobin S disease\n# Antibody Detection, Identification, and Compatibility Testing Methods","[{\"question\":\"How should laboratories select and use methods described in this technical manual edition?\",\"answer\":\"Included methods reflect the authors’ and editors’ subjective decisions, and exclusion does not necessarily mean a procedure is prohibited. Facilities should follow manufacturer instructions for specific reagents and perform the same procedure in the same manner to ensure reproducible and comparable results.\"},{\"question\":\"What safety and regulatory requirements apply when using alternative procedures?\",\"answer\":\"Written procedures should align with Laboratory Documents and FDA regulatory requirements (including Title 21 CFR Part 606.65(e) guidance). Alternative procedures and exceptions require FDA approval, must be validated with appropriate controls, and should be incorporated into a standard operating procedure before medical director approval.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the core steps of pretransfusion compatibility testing described in the manual?\",\"answer\":\"Pretransfusion testing begins with the type and screen procedure: determine the recipient’s ABO group and Rh type, then use a screening test to detect unexpected non-ABO antibodies. If antibodies are detected, identify their specificity using an antibody identification panel and screen donor units matching the corresponding ABO and Rh antigens.\"}]","General Laboratory Methods - Method 1-1 to 2-23 | DOCX",69]