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It reviews key historical triggers such as pesticide-related tragedies, major pollution incidents, and worsening air quality. The session clarifies EIA’s legal and international foundations (e.g., NEPA and the UNECE EIA Convention), then defines EIA as a systematic planning and management process. It introduces impact versus effects and emphasizes the baseline situation as the reference for measuring deviations caused by projects.",{"@graph":63,"@context":119},[64,80,102],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":11,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/presentations/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/general-introduction-and-history-of-eia-lecture-day-1/176696/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"image":82,"author":87,"headline":59,"publisher":90,"fileFormat":93,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":94,"datePublished":95,"encodingFormat":93,"isAccessibleForFree":96,"interactionStatistic":97},"DigitalDocument",{"url":83,"@type":84,"width":85,"height":86},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/general-introduction-and-history-of-eia-lecture-day-1/176696.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":88,"@type":89},"Theodore","Person",{"url":68,"name":91,"@type":92},"DocShare","Organization","application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation","2026-10-21","2026-09-02",true,{"@type":98,"interactionType":99,"userInteractionCount":101},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":100},"ViewAction",10,{"@type":103,"mainEntity":104},"FAQPage",[105,111,115],{"name":106,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":108},"Why did EIA start in the first place?","Question",{"text":109,"@type":110},"Growing evidence in the early 1960s showed serious environmental problems linked to government and industrial projects. High-profile cases and publications increased public recognition and pushed for formal environmental review.","Answer",{"name":112,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":113},"What is the baseline situation in EIA and why is it important?",{"text":114,"@type":110},"The baseline situation is the existing environmental condition in the absence of the proposed activity. It provides the reference needed to identify and measure deviations (impacts) caused by a project.",{"name":116,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How is EIA defined and what does it involve?",{"text":118,"@type":110},"EIA is a systematic process to identify, predict, and evaluate the environmental effects (impacts) of proposed actions and projects. It uses broad environmental interpretation and also functions as a planning and management tool for sustainable development through appropriate mitigation design.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":121,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":91,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":123,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":125,"site_id":56},176696,1791731588,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":128},{"doc_id":125,"user_id":129,"nickname":88,"user_avatar":130,"doc_module":9,"category_id":8,"category_name":11,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":131,"file_id":132,"file_url":133,"file_type":134,"file_size":135,"view_count":101,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":136,"language":137,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":138,"faqs":139,"seo_title":140,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":141,"read_time":35},7971461740886,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","General INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF EIA\nPresenter introduction\nTrainees introduction\nActivity\nBasic knowledge of participants about EIA\nWhy did EIA start?\nBy the early 1960s in the US and other industrial countries, it was clear that something was wrong\nSilent Spring by Richeal Carison\nCuyahoga River burns in 1966 (3rd time). Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.\n“30 Years of Environmental Progress,” USEPA, 2000.\n1952 “killer fog” kills 4,000 in London\n1963 Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring documents the negative effects of DDT\n1966 Cayahoga River in Ohio catches fire\nEnvironmental crisis in the industrial economies\nWhat was happening?\nLooking back from today, the causes were obvious:\nPopulation Growth\nNatural Resource Pressures\nUrbanization\nIndustrialization\nUnrestrained profit motive\nThese forces were all combining to create unprecedented environmental damage\nWhy should developing countries care about EIA?\nEasy answer: Donor requirements.\nIn the early 1970s, several Pakistani workers died as a result of negligent pesticide management procedures on a USAID project.\nUSAID was sued by an environmental PVO, and adopted environmental review procedures to comply with NEPA (“Reg 216”)\nAlmost all donor agencies now have similar procedures\nThe difficult answer: Because the environmental crisis faced by most developing countries is at least as serious as that of the industrialized countries in the 1960s and 70s.\nLower levels of industrialization\nBUT. . .\nHigh population growth and urbanization\nUse of hazardous substances\nEnvironmental degradation due to poverty\nChemical pollution:  obsolete pesticides in Mozambique.\nU.N. Food and Agriculture Organization\nDeforestation:  trees cleared for planting in Guinea.\nU.N. Food and Agriculture Organization\nEnvironmental crisis in the developing world\n1984 Methyl isocyanate cloud from Union Carbide plant accident in Bhopal, India kills 2,000+\nCities with worst air quality: Developing country megacities\nMillions of deaths/year from environmental conditions—particularly poor sanitation\n1984 Methyl isocyanate  cloud from Union Carbide plant accident in Bhopal, India kills 2,000+\nCities with worst air quality: Developing country megacities\nMillions of deaths/year from environmental conditions—particularly poor sanitation\nRegions\nMajor Environmental Issues\nAfrica\nThe continent has the world’s poorest and most resource dependent population. It carries the highest health burden due to severe environmental problems. These include desertification and soil degradation, declining food security, and increasing water scarcity.\nAsia and Pacific\nRapid economic growth, urbanization and industrialization have helped in poverty alleviation but also increased pressure on land and water resources, widespread environmental degradation and high pollution levels. Mega- cities are a particular focus of environmental and health concerns.\nEastern Europe and Central Asia\nDespite progress with economic restructuring and environmental clean up, there is a legacy of industrial pollution and contaminated land during communist era. In many areas, emissions of particulates, SO2, lead, heavy metals and toxic chemicals continue to expose the residents to health risks.\nLatin America and the Caribbean\nApproximately three-quarters of the population live in urban areas. Many cities are poor, overcrowded, polluted and lack basic infrastructure. The major environmental issue is the destruction of tropical forests and consequent loss of biodiversity, which is especially serious in the Amazon basin.\nThe National Environmental Policy Act 1969 of USA is the legislative basis for EIA.\nThe policy was the result of wide spread recognition in the 1960s that some major environmental problems were created by the government’s projects (power stations, dams and reservoirs, industrial complexes).\nUNECE - Convention on EIA in a Trans-boundary Context (1991)\nEntered into force in 1997 as the first EIA-specific international treaty.\n16\nFour cornerstones of the Earth Summi","cbCair1626etYuFX","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCair1626etYuFX","pptx",453487,49,"English","# Presenter and trainee introduction\n# Why EIA started\n## Early signals of environmental damage in the US and industrial countries\n## Documented incidents and public awareness\n# Why developing countries should care about EIA\n## Donor requirements and donor-driven environmental review\n## Broader development pressures\n# Environmental crises: industrial economies vs developing world\n## Regions and major environmental issues\n# Legal and international foundations of EIA\n## National legislation and key international treaties\n# Definition of EIA\n## Systematic identification, prediction, evaluation\n# Impacts and baseline situation\n## Measuring impacts through deviations from baseline","[{\"question\":\"Why did EIA start in the first place?\",\"answer\":\"Growing evidence in the early 1960s showed serious environmental problems linked to government and industrial projects. High-profile cases and publications increased public recognition and pushed for formal environmental review.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the baseline situation in EIA and why is it important?\",\"answer\":\"The baseline situation is the existing environmental condition in the absence of the proposed activity. It provides the reference needed to identify and measure deviations (impacts) caused by a project.\"},{\"question\":\"How is EIA defined and what does it involve?\",\"answer\":\"EIA is a systematic process to identify, predict, and evaluate the environmental effects (impacts) of proposed actions and projects. It uses broad environmental interpretation and also functions as a planning and management tool for sustainable development through appropriate mitigation design.\"}]","General INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF EIA - Lecture Day 1 | PPTX",1788325263]