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It analyzes background developments after Lugard’s amalgamation, evaluates claims in Nigerian historiography about divide-and-rule fostering inequality, and tests whether indirect rule was the most significant cause compared with the role of violence and resource conflict in escalating 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colonial policy is the essay primarily evaluating in relation to the Biafran War?","Question",{"text":108,"@type":109},"The essay focuses on the British colonial policy of indirect rule in Nigeria and asks to what extent it caused the Biafran War (1967-70).","Answer",{"name":111,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How does the essay frame the background to indirect rule after 1914?",{"text":113,"@type":109},"It describes the 1914 amalgamation under Governor Sir Frederick Lugard and explains why indirect rule relied on maintaining regional structures and traditional authority, which intensified differences between North and South.",{"name":115,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which broader drivers does the essay suggest were key to the war besides indirect rule?",{"text":117,"@type":109},"The essay argues that a political culture of violence and the conflict over control of resources were central, with resource conflict portrayed as the centerpiece of ethnic conflict between North and 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British colonial policy of indirect rule in Nigeria cause theBiafran War 1967-70?  \nWORD COUNT:3999  \n1  \nContents  \nPage  \nBackground  \n2  \nIntroduction  \n2  \n4  \nColonial injustice and the political culture  \nEconomic inequality and the scramble for resources8  \nFear  \n14  \nOjukwu and Gowon15  \nConclusion  \n16  \nAppendix  \n17  \nBibliography  \n18  \n# Background:\n\nIn 1914,the Governor of Nigeria,Sir Frederick Lugard,amalgamated the Northern and Southernprotectorates of Nigeria into a state that was to be ruled as a single British colony.Nigeria'sover 250 ethnicities each with individual cultures,languages and political dispositionsnecessitated a form of rule that took into account such differences.²Indirect rule was a systemof colonial governance which operated by maintaining regional structures of feudal power witha traditional king and his underlings,who was in turn answerable to the colonial officer in hisregion.³Each region was governed with separate administrations,who each practiceddistinctively different policies and methods of rule.This exacerbated differences between theNorth and South of Nigeria,as they were the regions where the major ethnicities of Igbo andHausa Fulani predominated.4 The object of this paper is to conclude whether indirect rule canbe concluded as the most significant cause of inter-ethnic conflict between the Igbo and Hausa-Fulani people in the Biafran War 1967-70.  \n# Introduction:\n\nOur enemies are the political profiteers,swindlers,the men…high and low..asMinisters...of waste...tribalists,nepotists.5  \nTo many contemporary observers,the proclamation by the leader of Nigeria's 1966 coup,MajorNzeogwu,is nothing if not honourable.However,the fact that six out of the seven majors thatspearheaded the coup was Igbo was enough to convince many Northerners of an Igbo  \nconspiracy to control the government.6 Thus began a year of coups,counter-coups and ethnicviolence that resulted in the secession of the Eastern region as the Republic of Biafra on May30th 1967,and the ensuing Nigerian Civil War to contest Biafra's sovereignty.7  \nThe resolution of the war on 15th January 1970 resulted in 2 million casualties,and was followedby 10 years of dictatorial military rule.8 Nigeria is unfortunately seen as still possessing many ofthe conditions that resulted in the Biafran War.As such,the question ‘to what extent did theBritish colonial policy of indirect rule cause the Biafran War'is one that must be addressed tofully understand the impacts of colonial policy,and more pressingly,the causes of ethnic conflictin Nigeria today.  \nTo answer this,accounts by various Nigerian peasants and political elites were investigated,inorder to fully understand the extent of ethnic tension.The policies,and the perceptions of Britishcolonial administrators were investigated using primary sources and secondary sources,suchas autobiographies.Further,secondary sources are utilised in order to understand and evaluatethe historical perspectives of historians on the causal impact of colonial policy.  \nMost Nigerian historians portray the colonial policy of indirect rule -practiced in Nigeria in thelate 19th and early 20th century -as the most significant cause of the Biafran War.9 Onyeoziriclaimed that divide-and-rule had created 'so much inequality and injustice,'that the civil war wasbound to happen.10 It is difficult to contest that the factors that many argue were key conditions  \nof the war were a result of indirect rule.Yet,to argue that indirect rule was the most significantcause of the Biafran War could be to overstate the extent colonial policy caused inter-ethnictensions within Nigeria;further,to argue that war was inevitable from the early 20th century couldbe to take a deterministic view that simplifies the causes of inter-ethnic conflict betweenNiger","cbCaiqjmW56p1pnK","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqjmW56p1pnK","pdf",6547140,"English","# Background\n# Introduction\n## Colonial injustice and the political culture\n## Economic inequality and the scramble for resources\n## Fear\n## Ojukwu and Gowon\n# Conclusion\n# Appendix\n# Bibliography","[{\"question\":\"What colonial policy is the essay primarily evaluating in relation to the Biafran War?\",\"answer\":\"The essay focuses on the British colonial policy of indirect rule in Nigeria and asks to what extent it caused the Biafran War (1967-70).\"},{\"question\":\"How does the essay frame the background to indirect rule after 1914?\",\"answer\":\"It describes the 1914 amalgamation under Governor Sir Frederick Lugard and explains why indirect rule relied on maintaining regional structures and traditional authority, which intensified differences between North and South.\"},{\"question\":\"Which broader drivers does the essay suggest were key to the war besides indirect rule?\",\"answer\":\"The essay argues that a political culture of violence and the conflict over control of resources were central, with resource conflict portrayed as the centerpiece of ethnic conflict between North and South.\"}]","Extended Essay - History | PDF",1790083475,7]