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large-scaleecological researchin the deep sea:a desk study  \nEUROPEAN COMMISSION  \nEdith CRESSON,Member of the Commissionresponsible for research,innovation,education,training and youth  \n# DG XII/D.3—RTD actions:Environment —Marine sciences and technologies\n\nContact:Mr Klaus-Günther Barthel  \nAddress:European Commission,nue de la Loi 200 (SDME 7/83),B-1049 Brussels —Tel.(32-2)29-51242;fax(32-2)29-63024  \n\n| ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS  \u003Cbr>FROM  \u003Cbr>LARGE-SCALE ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE DEEP SEA  \u003Cbr>-A DESK STUDY-   |\n| --- |\n\nBY  \nHJALMAR THIEL,MARTINV.ANGEL,ERIC J.FOELL,ANTHONY L.RICE AND GERD SCHRIEVER  \nWITH CONTRIBUTIONS FROM  \nANDREAS BELOW (PHOSPHORITES)PETER M.HAUGAN(CARBON DIOXIDE)HOWARD S.J.RoE(NUCLEAR WASTES)ROBERT TALLACK(DISPOSALTECHNIQUES)  \nPREPARED FOR  \nCOMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES  \nDIRECTORATE-GENERALFOR SCIENCE,RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTUNDER CONTRACT No.MAS2-CT94-0086  \nBREMERHAVEN1997  \nA great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet.It can be accessed through the Europa server(http://europa.eu.int).  \nCataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.  \nLuxembourg:Office for Official Publications of the European Communities,1998  \nISBN 92-828-3517-0  \n◎European Communities,1998Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.  \nPrinted in Belgium  \nPRINTED ON WHITE CHLORINE-FREE PAPER  \nTABLE OF CONTENTS  \nContents……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………I  \nList of Figures………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………IV  \nList of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………VI  \nList of Acronyms used…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………VII  \nExcecutive Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………X  \n1. Impact of Research in the Deep Sea:An Introduction…………………………………………………………1  \n2. Ores in the Deep Sea……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………5  \n2.1 Manganese Nodules ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7  \n2.1.1. Resource Description……………………………………………………………………………………………………………7  \n2.1.2. Description of Mining Techniques …………………………………………………………………………13  \n2.1.2.1. Continuous Line Bucket(CLB)System………………………………………………13  \n2.1.2.2. Autonomous Robot Submersible Shuttles………………………………………………15  \n2.1.2.3. Collector Systems……………………………………………………………………………15  \n2.1.2.3.1. Mechanical Collectors………………………………………………………………17  \n2.1.2.3.2. Hydraulic and Hybrid Collectors…………………………………18  \n2.1.3. Potential Effects of Mining…………………………………………………………………………………………19  \n2.1.4. Research Required to evaluate the Effects of Mining…………………………………………24  \n2.2. Manganese Crusts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………31  \n2.2.1. Resource Description……………………………………………………………………………………………………………31  \n2.2.2. Description of Mining Techniques……………………………………………………………………………3  \n2.2.2.1. Continuous Line Bucket(CLB)Crust Mining System…………………34  \n2.2.2.2. Combined Mechanical Fragmentation/Hydraulic Lift Systems……35  \n2.2.2.3. Submarine Solution Mining System………………………………………………………36  \n2.2.3. Potential Effects of Mining………………………………………………………………………………………………37  \n2.2.4. Research Required to Evaluate the Effects of Mining…………………………………………39  \n2.3. Polymetallic Sulphides: Metalliferous Muds………………………………………………………………41  \n2.3.1. Resource Description…………………………………………………………………………………………………………41  \n2.3.2. Description of Mining Techniques ………………………………………………………………………45  \n2.3.3. Potential Effects of Mining…………………………………………………………………………………………48  \n2.3.4. Research Required to Evaluate the Effects of Mining……………………………………………53  \n2.4. Polymetallic Sulphides: Massive Consolidated Sulphides………………………………………………57  \n2.4.1. Resouce Description………………………………………………………………………………………………………57  \n2.4.2. Description of Mining Techniques ……………………………………………………………………61  \n2.4.3. Potential Effects o","cbCainPpYyCunNmx","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainPpYyCunNmx","pdf",5529780,232,"English","# Executive Summary\n# Impact of Research in the Deep Sea: An Introduction\n# Ores in the Deep Sea\n## Manganese Nodules\n## Manganese Crusts\n## Polymetallic Sulphides: Metalliferous Muds\n## Polymetallic Sulphides: Massive Consolidated Sulphides\n## Phosphorite\n# Wastes in the Deep Sea\n## Munitions\n## Radioactive Wastes","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of the desk study?\",\"answer\":\"It assesses environmental risks arising from large-scale ecological research in the deep sea, emphasizing potential impacts linked to deep-sea activities.\"},{\"question\":\"Which deep-sea ore categories are discussed in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The contents cover manganese nodules, manganese crusts, polymetallic sulphides (metalliferous muds and massive consolidated sulphides), and phosphorite.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the document treat deep-sea waste disposal?\",\"answer\":\"It includes sections on munitions and radioactive wastes, describing waste materials, disposal techniques, and the research required to evaluate disposal impacts.\"}]","ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS - FROM LARGE-SCALE ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE DEEP SEA -A DESK STUDY- | PDF",1791853967,81]