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It identifies structural problems in current frameworks, including disputes about principles and reasonableness, and introduces the dual-illegality rule as a proposed solution. The work further develops geoambiguous criminal categories to clarify when U.S. law should apply beyond borders.",{"@graph":63,"@context":118},[64,80,101],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":51,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/general/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/dual-illegality-and-geoambiguous-law-a-new-rule-for-extraterritorial-application-of-us-law/199769/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"image":82,"author":87,"headline":59,"publisher":90,"fileFormat":93,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":94,"datePublished":95,"encodingFormat":93,"isAccessibleForFree":96,"interactionStatistic":97},"DigitalDocument",{"url":83,"@type":84,"width":85,"height":86},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/dual-illegality-and-geoambiguous-law-a-new-rule-for-extraterritorial-application-of-us-law/199769.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":88,"@type":89},"supergirl","Person",{"url":68,"name":91,"@type":92},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-24","2026-09-04",true,{"@type":98,"interactionType":99,"userInteractionCount":76},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":100},"ViewAction",{"@type":102,"mainEntity":103},"FAQPage",[104,110,114],{"name":105,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":107},"What central shift does the article describe about U.S. law and jurisdiction?","Question",{"text":108,"@type":109},"It argues that U.S. law no longer stops at national borders and instead increasingly uses extraterritorial jurisdiction to regulate conduct abroad in a globally interconnected environment.","Answer",{"name":111,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What problems does the article identify in the existing U.S. extraterritorial jurisdiction framework?",{"text":113,"@type":109},"It highlights issues with effects and protective principles, with interests-balancing reasonableness, and with universal jurisdiction approaches.",{"name":115,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the article propose resolving questions involving cross-border criminal liability?",{"text":117,"@type":109},"It introduces the dual-illegality rule and adds a geographical classification distinguishing explicitly territorial, explicitly extraterritorial, and geoambiguous crimes.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":120,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":91,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":122,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":124,"site_id":56},199769,1788506966,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":127},{"doc_id":124,"user_id":128,"nickname":88,"user_avatar":129,"doc_module":9,"category_id":50,"category_name":51,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":130,"file_id":131,"file_url":132,"file_type":133,"file_size":134,"view_count":76,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":135,"language":136,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":137,"faqs":138,"seo_title":139,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":125,"read_time":140},962088121634,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Article  \nDual Illegality and Geoambiguous Law: ANew Rule for Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Law  \nJeffrey A. Meyer†  \nIntroduction ............................................................................. 111  \nI. Background ........................................................................ 121  \nA. Defining Territorial and Extraterritorial Laws ......... 121  \nB. Extraterritoriality and U.S. Law ................................ 125  \n1. The Evolving U.S. Law of Extraterritorial Jurisdiction ............................................................ 130  \n2. Customary Law of International Jurisdiction ..... 143  \nII. Problems with the U.S. Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Framework ......................................................................... 148  \nA. Problems with the Effects and Protective Principles .. 151  \nB. Problems with Interests-Balancing Reasonableness ............................................................ 158  \nC. Problems with Universal Jurisdiction ........................ 160  \nIII. Dual Illegality .................................................................... 164  \nA. The Dual-Illegality Rule .............................................. 165  \nB. Potential Objections to the Dual-Illegality Rule ........ 173  \nConclusion ................................................................................ 179  \nAppendix: A Geographical Classification of Federal Crimes ................................................................................ 181  \nA. Explicitly Territorial Crimes ....................................... 181  \nB. Explicitly Extraterritorial Crimes .............................. 181  \n† Professor of Law, Quinnipiac University School of Law and Visiting Clinical Associate Professor of Law, Yale Law School. Thanks to commentatorsat the Yale/Stanford Junior Faculty Forum where this article was selected for presentation in June 2010, and also to colleagues of the Quinnipiac Law School Faculty Forum where the topic was initially presented in April 2009. Special thanks to Hannah Buxbaum, Anthony Colangelo, William Dodge, William Dunlap, Neal Feigenson, Stephen Gilles, Linda Ross Meyer, Timothy Meyer, and Austen Parrish for very helpful critique and comments on earlier drafts. All continuing errors and oversights are mine. Copyright © 2010 by Jeffrey A. Meyer.  \n110  \n2010] DUAL ILLEGALITY 111  \n1. U.S.-Nationality-Based Extraterritorial Crimes . 182  \n2. U.S.-Effects-Based Extraterritorial Crimes ......... 183  \n3. Universal Jurisdiction Crimes .............................. 183  \nC. Geoambiguous Crimes ................................................. 184  \nINTRODUCTION  \nTime was when U. S. law was thought to stop at its borders. Not so anymore. The modern view posits a nation-state system in decline and a corresponding need for shared and flexible jurisdiction to account for our increasingly interconnected, Internet-centric world—a world that ostensibly defines interests, community, and allegiance by criteria other than the clear lines of a nation-state’s borders.1 “The‘borderless’nature of some activities, the near-global nature of others—all of this seems to demand regulatory solutions freed from territorial underpinnings.”2  \nThe United States might well like it this way. A superpower no longer bent on conquering more territory stands to benefit when it instead can unilaterally project its law and corresponding enforcement resources to regulate what people do in other countries. As law accommodates self-interest, the past century [of U.S. legal](of U.S. legal) doctrine has bypassed traditional territorial limits in favor of extraterritorial jurisdiction under various doctrinal banners.3 Sometimes it’s “effects jurisdiction” to justify protecting the U. S. economy from foreign actors who don’t play by our regulatory rules.4 Sometimes it’s “protective jurisdiction” to  \n1. See Paul Schiff Berman, Global Legal Pluralism, 80 S. CAL. L. REV. 1155, 1230 (2007) [he","cbCairlNlEpRoJ7Z","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairlNlEpRoJ7Z","pdf",439797,77,"English","# Introduction\n## Background\n## Defining Territorial and Extraterritorial Laws\n## Extraterritoriality and U.S. Law\n### The Evolving U.S. Law of Extraterritorial Jurisdiction\n### Customary Law of International Jurisdiction\n## Problems with the U.S. Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Framework\n## Dual Illegality\n## Conclusion\n## Appendix: A Geographical Classification of Federal Crimes","[{\"question\":\"What central shift does the article describe about U.S. law and jurisdiction?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that U.S. law no longer stops at national borders and instead increasingly uses extraterritorial jurisdiction to regulate conduct abroad in a globally interconnected environment.\"},{\"question\":\"What problems does the article identify in the existing U.S. extraterritorial jurisdiction framework?\",\"answer\":\"It highlights issues with effects and protective principles, with interests-balancing reasonableness, and with universal jurisdiction approaches.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the article propose resolving questions involving cross-border criminal liability?\",\"answer\":\"It introduces the dual-illegality rule and adds a geographical classification distinguishing explicitly territorial, explicitly extraterritorial, and geoambiguous crimes.\"}]","Dual Illegality and Geoambiguous Law - A New Rule for Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Law | PDF",27]