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By examining multiple cryptocurrency tax services, the study finds substantial differences in how each service calculates taxable income from the same transaction history. These discrepancies matter as cryptocurrency exchanges, tax preparers, and the IRS prepare for new third-party reporting in 2026.",{"@graph":63,"@context":110},[64,80,101],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":51,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/general/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/cryptocurrency-tax-errors-among-cryptocurrency-tax-experts/200493/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"image":82,"author":87,"headline":59,"publisher":90,"fileFormat":93,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":94,"datePublished":95,"encodingFormat":93,"isAccessibleForFree":96,"interactionStatistic":97},"DigitalDocument",{"url":83,"@type":84,"width":85,"height":86},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/cryptocurrency-tax-errors-among-cryptocurrency-tax-experts/200493.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":88,"@type":89},"Rizky","Person",{"url":68,"name":91,"@type":92},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-27","2026-09-04",true,{"@type":98,"interactionType":99,"userInteractionCount":47},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":100},"ViewAction",{"@type":102,"mainEntity":103},"FAQPage",[104],{"name":105,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":107},"Why do the author’s findings matter for 2026?","Question",{"text":108,"@type":109},"The discrepancies are concerning because exchanges, tax preparers, and the IRS are preparing for new third-party reporting of cryptocurrency transactions in 2026.","Answer","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":112,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":91,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":114,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":116,"site_id":56},200493,1788509130,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":119},{"doc_id":116,"user_id":120,"nickname":88,"user_avatar":121,"doc_module":9,"category_id":50,"category_name":51,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":122,"file_id":123,"file_url":124,"file_type":125,"file_size":126,"view_count":47,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":127,"language":128,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":129,"faqs":130,"seo_title":131,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":117,"read_time":15},962085564807,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Errors among Cryptocurrency Tax Experts  \nTyler S. Menzer  \nTexas Christian University  \n[tyler.menzer@tcu.edu](tyler.menzer@tcu.edu)  \nApril 2026  \nI thank an anonymous accounting firm for providing the data used in the analysis and access to the cryptocurrency service provider subscriptions used. I thank Matthew Metras, Janna Scott, and Omri Marian for comments. A previous shorted version of this article was published in Tax Notes. There are no financial interests to disclose.  \nTyler S. Menzer, Texas Christian University, Neeley School of Business, Fort Worth, TX, US  \nKeywords: Cryptocurrency, Taxation, Internal Revenue Service  \nJEL Classification: H20, K34, M49  \nErrors among Cryptocurrency Tax Experts  \nAbstract: The taxation of cryptocurrency has been a topic of interest for policymakers, regulators, and taxpayers. Compliance with tax law around cryptocurrency has led to prominent questions for all taxpayers on their individual tax returns, multiple rounds of guidance by the Internal Revenue Service, and a billion-dollar industry of cryptocurrency experts who offer taxpayers solutions to the complex reporting requirements. I examine several cryptocurrency tax services and find that there is significant variation in how each calculates taxable income from the same series of transactions. The effects of these discrepancies should be of particular concern as cryptocurrency exchanges, tax preparers, and the IRS prepare for new third-party reporting of cryptocurrency transactions in 2026.  \n1. Introduction  \nWith every transaction recorded on the blockchain, available for anyone to examine, the calculation of cryptocurrency taxes should be a problem that is easy to solve. Many companies have been formed to solve this problem, with millions of users and valuations reaching over $1 billion (Thompson 2022; Cointracker; Koinly; Azevedo 2021) . These companies advertise they will “ensure your taxes are done right”(Cointracker), help clients “stay IRS compliant”(Zenledger), provide “Accurate Crypto taxes, no guesswork”(Crypto Tax Calculator), and“simplify crypto tracking & tax reporting”(Koinly) . 1 These companies present themselves as experts, and they were formed for the sole purpose of calculating the taxable income from cryptocurrency sales. However, comparisons both between service providers and within service providers highlight significant differences in calculations, providing evidence that calculating cryptocurrency taxes is not a simple process and errors are common. This paper should be of interest to academics, regulators, and practitioners as they think about cryptocurrency and tax reporting.  \nThe taxation of cryptocurrency continues to be a topic of discussion from regulators, academics, and practitioners. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has addressed cryptocurrency since 2014. Congress has sought comments on cryptocurrency, passed legislation, and continues to propose new legislation regarding cryptocurrency (Ainsworth, Askew, and Kwon 2022; The Tax Law Center 2025; Crapo 2025) . Academic research has examined cryptocurrency as it relates to taxes (De Simone, Jin, Rabetti 2024; Meling, Mogstad, and Vestre 2024; Cong, Landsman, Maydew, Rabetti 2023; Hoopes, Menzer, Wilde 2025) . Even as more individuals use cryptocurrency, it has become more complex as an investment, with thousands of new  \n1 Quotes taken from company websites as listed on March 3, 2025.  \ncryptocurrencies, Initial Coin Offerings (ICO), Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), cryptocurrency staking, and Decentralized Finance (DeFi) transactions. As the complexity of transactions has risen, many taxpayers have sought the help of automated cryptocurrency tax calculators. I label these services as cryptocurrency service providers (CSPs) .  \nExamining cryptocurrency service providers is important for several reasons. First, cryptocurrency service providers have raised hundreds of millions of dollars in funding and serve millions of customers worldwide (Thompso","cbCaigVjn0nhfu32","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigVjn0nhfu32","pdf",776652,33,"English","# Introduction\n## Context and IRS guidance\n## Role of cryptocurrency service providers (CSPs)\n# Purpose and approach\n## Comparing outputs across providers","[{\"question\":\"Why do the author’s findings matter for 2026?\",\"answer\":\"The discrepancies are concerning because exchanges, tax preparers, and the IRS are preparing for new third-party reporting of cryptocurrency transactions in 2026. \"}]","Cryptocurrency Tax Errors - Among Cryptocurrency Tax Experts | PDF"]