[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-1-en-105":3,"doc-seo-571442-105":53,"doc-detail-571442-en":127},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,14,19,24,29,34,39,44,49],{"id":8,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":11,"show_sort_weight":12,"slug":13},11,1,"Template","Presentations",90,"presentations",{"id":15,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":16,"show_sort_weight":17,"slug":18},12,"Resumes",80,"resumes",{"id":20,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":21,"show_sort_weight":22,"slug":23},14,"Invoices",70,"invoices",{"id":25,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":26,"show_sort_weight":27,"slug":28},15,"Posters",60,"posters",{"id":30,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":31,"show_sort_weight":32,"slug":33},16,"Social Media",50,"social-media",{"id":35,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":36,"show_sort_weight":37,"slug":38},17,"Forms",40,"forms",{"id":40,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":41,"show_sort_weight":42,"slug":43},18,"Letters",30,"letters",{"id":45,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":46,"show_sort_weight":47,"slug":48},21,"Paper Templates",5,"papers-templates",{"id":50,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":51,"show_sort_weight":4,"slug":52},158,"General","general-158",{"code":4,"msg":54,"data":55},"ok",{"site_id":56,"language":57,"slug":58,"title":59,"keywords":60,"description":61,"schema_data":62,"social_meta":120,"head_meta":122,"extra_data":124,"updated_unix":126},105,"en","circulations-conversations-with-a-cardiologist-reading-ecgs","CIRCULATIONS - conversations with a cardiologist - Reading ECGs","","Electrocardiography (ECG) is a key diagnostic tool in veterinary practice, used to evaluate cardiac electrical function and to provide insight into noncardiac illness. The text explains practical ECG acquisition methods, with emphasis on rhythm strip recording, and highlights the limitations of ECG interpretation. It describes how to calculate heart rate by counting normal complexes over 3 or 6 seconds, then apply heart-rate guidelines and a stepwise approach to rhythm analysis and common arrhythmias in dogs and cats.",{"@graph":63,"@context":119},[64,80,102],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":51,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/general/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/circulations-conversations-with-a-cardiologist-reading-ecgs/571442/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"image":82,"author":87,"headline":59,"publisher":90,"fileFormat":93,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":94,"datePublished":95,"encodingFormat":93,"isAccessibleForFree":96,"interactionStatistic":97},"DigitalDocument",{"url":83,"@type":84,"width":85,"height":86},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/circulations-conversations-with-a-cardiologist-reading-ecgs/571442.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":88,"@type":89},"Cart","Person",{"url":68,"name":91,"@type":92},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-25","2026-10-13",true,{"@type":98,"interactionType":99,"userInteractionCount":101},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":100},"ViewAction",8,{"@type":103,"mainEntity":104},"FAQPage",[105,111,115],{"name":106,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":108},"What information from an ECG is most reliable in clinical practice?","Question",{"text":109,"@type":110},"ECG interpretation is most reliable for heart rate and rhythm. Other measurements such as chamber size, axis shifts, or fluid accumulation are more inferential and less dependable.","Answer",{"name":112,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":113},"How do you calculate heart rate from a rhythm strip?",{"text":114,"@type":110},"Measure the paper length that corresponds to 3 or 6 seconds based on paper speed, then count normal complexes (p waves for atrial rate and QRS waves for ventricular rate). Multiply by 20 for 3 seconds or by 10 for 6 seconds.",{"name":116,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How can you differentiate fast, slow, and reasonable heart rates in dogs and cats?",{"text":118,"@type":110},"Use guideline thresholds: dogs are fast at >160 and slow at \u003C70; cats are fast at >220 and slow at \u003C140. If the rate is reasonable, further determine whether it is purely sinus or contains premature/escape beats.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":121,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":91,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":123,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":125,"site_id":56},571442,1792086192,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":128},{"doc_id":125,"user_id":129,"nickname":88,"user_avatar":130,"doc_module":9,"category_id":50,"category_name":51,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":131,"file_id":132,"file_url":133,"file_type":134,"file_size":135,"view_count":101,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":79,"language":136,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":137,"faqs":138,"seo_title":139,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":140,"read_time":73},18829141979164,"https://eur-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","CIRCULATIONS  \nconversationswith a cardiologist  \nSummer 2011  \nDr. Alan Spier,  \nDVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVIM  \nFlorida Veterinary Specialists, Tampa, Fla.  \nReading ECGs  \nElectrocardiography (ECG) is an important diagnostic tool in the practice of veterinary medicine. Not only does it evaluate the electrical function of the heart, an ECG is also able to give information regarding noncardiac illness. When performing ECGs, it is important to recognize the limitations as well as the benefits of their use in clinical practice. The following discussion will describe ways to acquire an ECG, discuss the approach to rhythm analysis, and provide a review of the common rhythms/ arrhythmias seen in veterinary practice.  \nThe most common method of obtaining an ECG is the rhythm strip. In most cases, this type of recording involves the use of a single lead (usually lead II) to evaluate the cardiac rhythm. When recording a lead II rhythm strip, the patient is generally placed in right lateral recumbency, and a positive electrode (usually red) is placed on the back left foot/leg, while a negative electrode (usually white) is placed on the front right foot. A third electrode (either black or green) is used as a ground and  \ntransmission to a remote display (telemetry), transtelephonic transmission and ambulatory ECG recordings for extended periods of time (Holter or event monitors) .  \nRegardless of the method of acquisition, the value of an ECG lies in its interpretation. It is important to realize that an ECG provides only two pieces of information with any degree of reliability: the heart rate and rhythm. Other information that can be obtained from an ECG tracing includes an assessment of chamber size, axis shifts and fluid accumulation; the interpretation of these abnormalities is more or less inferred, and is therefore less dependable. For these reasons, it is reasonable to begin the analysis of the ECG by calculation of heart rate. Much like obtaining a heart rate from a physical exam, measuring the heart rate from an ECG requires counting the number of normal complexes (p waves for atrial rate, QRS waves for ventricular rate) in a given time period. Depending on the length of an ECG, it is easiest to count either 3 seconds (and multiply by 20) or 6 seconds (and multiply by 10). The length of paper that represents 3 or 6 seconds is dependent on the paper speed. Asa convenient rule of thumb I use a length of 150mm (or 30 big boxes) . At a paper speed of 25mm/sec, this length represents 6 seconds; at a paper speed of 50mm/sec, this length represents 3 seconds. The other advantage for this method is the fact that a standard Bic Round Stic pen (with the cap ON) is exactly 150mm long. Calculating a heart rate then becomes as easy as putting the pen on the ECG, counting complexes and multiplying by the appropriate factor.  \nIn this example, there are 9 QRS complexes in the length of the Bic pen. That means in 150mm, this dog’s heart beat 9 times. If the paper speed is 50mm/sec, the 150mm would represent 3  \n“Not only does it evaluate the electrical function of the heart, an ECG is also able to give information regarding noncardiac illness.”  \ncan be placed anywhere; by convention, black is usually placedon the left front foot/leg, and green is placed on the right rear foot/leg. When using machines that can simultaneously record multiple leads, all electrodes are placed, and the processor within the ECG machine can determine the appropriate combinations to record the frontal leads I, II, III, aVR, aVL anda VF. Other methods for recording an ECG include wireless  \nsec (150 ÷ 50 = 3) . Therefore the heart rate would be 9 x 20, or 180bpm. In reality, the paper speed is 25mm/sec, making the 150mm pen represent 6 sec (150 ÷ 25 = 6) . Therefore the heart rate is 9 x 10, or 90bpm.  \n...bringing cardiology into practice  \nOnce the heart rate is obtained, the next step is to determine whether the heart rate is slow, fast or normal. It can be challengin","cbCainNmuJDgg01j","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainNmuJDgg01j","pdf",744191,"English","# Reading ECGs\n## Acquiring an ECG (methods and electrodes)\n## What an ECG can reliably show\n## Calculating heart rate from an ECG\n## Interpreting fast, slow, or reasonable rates\n## Determining sinus vs non-sinus rhythms\n## Impulse formation vs impulse conduction","[{\"question\":\"What information from an ECG is most reliable in clinical practice?\",\"answer\":\"ECG interpretation is most reliable for heart rate and rhythm. Other measurements such as chamber size, axis shifts, or fluid accumulation are more inferential and less dependable.\"},{\"question\":\"How do you calculate heart rate from a rhythm strip?\",\"answer\":\"Measure the paper length that corresponds to 3 or 6 seconds based on paper speed, then count normal complexes (p waves for atrial rate and QRS waves for ventricular rate). Multiply by 20 for 3 seconds or by 10 for 6 seconds.\"},{\"question\":\"How can you differentiate fast, slow, and reasonable heart rates in dogs and cats?\",\"answer\":\"Use guideline thresholds: dogs are fast at \\u003e160 and slow at \\u003c70; cats are fast at \\u003e220 and slow at \\u003c140. If the rate is reasonable, further determine whether it is purely sinus or contains premature/escape beats.\"}]","CIRCULATIONS - conversations with a cardiologist - Reading ECGs | PDF",1791917522]