[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-1-en-105":3,"doc-seo-571180-105":53,"doc-detail-571180-en":126},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,14,19,24,29,34,39,44,49],{"id":8,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":11,"show_sort_weight":12,"slug":13},11,1,"Template","Presentations",90,"presentations",{"id":15,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":16,"show_sort_weight":17,"slug":18},12,"Resumes",80,"resumes",{"id":20,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":21,"show_sort_weight":22,"slug":23},14,"Invoices",70,"invoices",{"id":25,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":26,"show_sort_weight":27,"slug":28},15,"Posters",60,"posters",{"id":30,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":31,"show_sort_weight":32,"slug":33},16,"Social Media",50,"social-media",{"id":35,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":36,"show_sort_weight":37,"slug":38},17,"Forms",40,"forms",{"id":40,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":41,"show_sort_weight":42,"slug":43},18,"Letters",30,"letters",{"id":45,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":46,"show_sort_weight":47,"slug":48},21,"Paper Templates",5,"papers-templates",{"id":50,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":51,"show_sort_weight":4,"slug":52},158,"General","general-158",{"code":4,"msg":54,"data":55},"ok",{"site_id":56,"language":57,"slug":58,"title":59,"keywords":60,"description":61,"schema_data":62,"social_meta":119,"head_meta":121,"extra_data":123,"updated_unix":125},105,"en","chapter-16-navigation-cross-country-flying-under-vfr","Chapter 16 - Navigation - cross-country flying under VFR","","Chapter 16 introduces cross-country flying under visual flight rules (VFR) for beginning pilots, focusing on how to plan and execute a safe flight. It explains air navigation as the process of moving between geographic positions while tracking position changes over time. The chapter covers plotting courses on aeronautical charts, selecting checkpoints, measuring distances, and computing headings, flight time, and fuel, using pilotage, dead reckoning, and radio navigation.",{"@graph":63,"@context":118},[64,80,101],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":11,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/presentations/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/chapter-16-navigation-cross-country-flying-under-vfr/571180/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"image":82,"author":87,"headline":59,"publisher":90,"fileFormat":93,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":94,"datePublished":95,"encodingFormat":93,"isAccessibleForFree":96,"interactionStatistic":97},"DigitalDocument",{"url":83,"@type":84,"width":85,"height":86},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/chapter-16-navigation-cross-country-flying-under-vfr/571180.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":88,"@type":89},"404brain","Person",{"url":68,"name":91,"@type":92},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-21","2026-10-13",true,{"@type":98,"interactionType":99,"userInteractionCount":47},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":100},"ViewAction",{"@type":102,"mainEntity":103},"FAQPage",[104,110,114],{"name":105,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":107},"What does air navigation mean in this chapter?","Question",{"text":108,"@type":109},"Air navigation is piloting an aircraft from one geographic position to another while monitoring the aircraft’s position as the flight progresses.","Answer",{"name":111,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Which planning steps does the chapter emphasize for cross-country flights?",{"text":113,"@type":109},"Planning includes plotting the course on an aeronautical chart, selecting checkpoints, measuring distances, obtaining relevant weather information, and computing flight time, headings, and fuel requirements.",{"name":115,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do time zones relate to meridians according to the chapter?",{"text":117,"@type":109},"Time zones are established for each 15° of longitude, creating a 1-hour difference between adjacent zones, and meridians help designate both time and directional relationships.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":120,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":91,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":122,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":124,"site_id":56},571180,1792360231,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":127},{"doc_id":124,"user_id":128,"nickname":88,"user_avatar":129,"doc_module":9,"category_id":8,"category_name":11,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":130,"file_id":131,"file_url":132,"file_type":133,"file_size":134,"view_count":47,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":135,"language":136,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":137,"faqs":138,"seo_title":139,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":140,"read_time":15},1099529839291,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","16-1  \nChapter 16  \nNavigation  \nIntroduction  \nThis chapter provides an introduction to cross-country flying under visual flight rules (VFR) . It contains practical information for planning and executing cross-country flights for the beginning pilot.  \nAir navigation is the process of piloting an aircraft from one geographic position to another while monitoring one’s position as the flight progresses. It introduces the need for planning, which includes plotting the course on an aeronautical chart, selecting checkpoints, measuring distances, obtaining pertinent weather information, and computing flight time, headings, and fuel requirements. The methods used in this chapter include pilotage—navigating by reference to visible landmarks, dead reckoning—computations of direction and distance from a known position, and radio navigation—by use of radio aids.  \nAeronautical Charts  \nAn aeronautical chart is the road map for a pilot flying under VFR. The chart provides information that allows pilots to track their position and provides available information that enhances safety. The three aeronautical charts used by VFR pilots are:  \n• Sectional  \n• VFR Terminal Area  \n• World Aeronautical  \nA free catalog listing aeronautical charts and related publications including prices and instructions for ordering is available at the Aeronautical Navigation Products website: [www.aeronav.faa.gov](www.aeronav.faa.gov).  \nSectional Charts  \nSectional charts are the most common charts used by pilots today. The charts have a scale of 1:500,000 (1 inch = 6.86 nautical miles (NM) or approximately 8 statute miles (SM)), which allows for more detailed information to be included on the chart.  \nThe charts provide an abundance of information, including airport data, navigational aids, airspace, and topography. Figure 16-1 is an excerpt from the legend of a sectional chart. By referring to the chart legend, a pilot can interpret most of the information on the chart. A pilot should also check the chart for other legend information, which includes air traffic control (ATC) frequencies and information on airspace. These charts are revised semiannually except for some areas outside the conterminous United States where they are revised annually.  \nVFR Terminal Area Charts  \nVFR terminal area charts are helpful when flying in or near Class B airspace. They have a scale of 1:250,000 (1 inch = 3.43 NM or approximately 4 SM) . These charts provide a more detailed display of topographical information and are revised semiannually, except for several Alaskan and Caribbean charts. [Figure 16-2]  \nWorld Aeronautical Charts  \nWorld aeronautical charts are designed to provide a standard series of aeronautical charts, covering land areas ofthe world,  \nFigure 16-1. Sectional chart and legend.  \nFigure 16-2. VFR Terminal Area Chart and legend.  \nat a size and scale convenient for navigation by moderate speed aircraft. They are produced at a scale of 1:1,000,000 (1 inch = 13.7 NM or approximately 16 SM). These charts are similar to sectional charts, and the symbols are the same except there is less detail duetothe smaller scale. [Figure 16-3] These charts are revised annually except several Alaskan charts and the Mexican/Caribbean charts, which are revised every 2 years.  \nLatitude and Longitude ( Meridians and Parallels)  \nThe equator is an imaginary circle equidistant from the poles of the Earth. Circles parallel to the equator (lines running east and west) are parallels of latitude. They are used to measure degrees of latitude north (N) or south (S) of the equator. The angular distance from the equator to the pole is one-fourth of a circle or 90° . The 48 conterminous states of the United States are located between 25° and 49° N latitude. The arrows in Figure 16-4 labeled “Latitude” point to lines of latitude. Meridians of longitude are drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole and are at right angles to the Equator. The “Prime  \nMeridian,” which passes through Greenwi","cbCaih9TRr7n9JHn","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaih9TRr7n9JHn","pdf",37719970,35,"English","# Introduction\n# Air navigation and planning methods\n# Aeronautical Charts\n## Sectional Charts\n## VFR Terminal Area Charts\n## World Aeronautical Charts\n# Latitude and Longitude (Meridians and Parallels)\n# Time Zones","[{\"question\":\"What does air navigation mean in this chapter?\",\"answer\":\"Air navigation is piloting an aircraft from one geographic position to another while monitoring the aircraft’s position as the flight progresses.\"},{\"question\":\"Which planning steps does the chapter emphasize for cross-country flights?\",\"answer\":\"Planning includes plotting the course on an aeronautical chart, selecting checkpoints, measuring distances, obtaining relevant weather information, and computing flight time, headings, and fuel requirements.\"},{\"question\":\"How do time zones relate to meridians according to the chapter?\",\"answer\":\"Time zones are established for each 15° of longitude, creating a 1-hour difference between adjacent zones, and meridians help designate both time and directional relationships.\"}]","Chapter 16 - Navigation - cross-country flying under VFR | PDF",1791901309]