[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-1-en-105":3,"doc-seo-572901-105":53,"doc-detail-572901-en":126},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,14,19,24,29,34,39,44,49],{"id":8,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":11,"show_sort_weight":12,"slug":13},11,1,"Template","Presentations",90,"presentations",{"id":15,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":16,"show_sort_weight":17,"slug":18},12,"Resumes",80,"resumes",{"id":20,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":21,"show_sort_weight":22,"slug":23},14,"Invoices",70,"invoices",{"id":25,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":26,"show_sort_weight":27,"slug":28},15,"Posters",60,"posters",{"id":30,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":31,"show_sort_weight":32,"slug":33},16,"Social Media",50,"social-media",{"id":35,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":36,"show_sort_weight":37,"slug":38},17,"Forms",40,"forms",{"id":40,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":41,"show_sort_weight":42,"slug":43},18,"Letters",30,"letters",{"id":45,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":46,"show_sort_weight":47,"slug":48},21,"Paper Templates",5,"papers-templates",{"id":50,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":51,"show_sort_weight":4,"slug":52},158,"General","general-158",{"code":4,"msg":54,"data":55},"ok",{"site_id":56,"language":57,"slug":58,"title":59,"keywords":60,"description":61,"schema_data":62,"social_meta":119,"head_meta":121,"extra_data":123,"updated_unix":125},105,"en","biochemistry-summary-mcat-biochemistry-macromolecules-kinetics-thermodynamics-the-plasma-membrane-amino-acids-proteins-carbohydrates","Biochemistry Summary - MCAT Biochemistry-Macromolecules, Kinetics, Thermodynamics, & The Plasma Membrane - Amino Acids & Proteins - Carbohydrates","","Biochemistry Summary covers high-yield MCAT biochemistry topics spanning macromolecules and core chemistry foundations. It links monomer classes to their polymers and specifies the main bond types forming macromolecules. Amino acids and proteins are organized by primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure, including pH-dependent charge behavior and the concept of isoelectric point using pKa averaging. Carbohydrates are summarized by aldehyde/ketone classification, mono-/di-/polysaccharide definitions, stereochemical absolute configuration, and Haworth projection interpretation for anomeric orientation.",{"@graph":63,"@context":118},[64,80,101],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":46,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/paper-templates/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/biochemistry-summary-mcat-biochemistry-macromolecules-kinetics-thermodynamics-the-plasma-membrane-amino-acids-proteins-carbohydrates/572901/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"image":82,"author":87,"headline":59,"publisher":90,"fileFormat":93,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":94,"datePublished":95,"encodingFormat":93,"isAccessibleForFree":96,"interactionStatistic":97},"DigitalDocument",{"url":83,"@type":84,"width":85,"height":86},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/biochemistry-summary-mcat-biochemistry-macromolecules-kinetics-thermodynamics-the-plasma-membrane-amino-acids-proteins-carbohydrates/572901.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":88,"@type":89},"Taylor Morgan","Person",{"url":68,"name":91,"@type":92},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-15","2026-10-13",true,{"@type":98,"interactionType":99,"userInteractionCount":9},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":100},"ViewAction",{"@type":102,"mainEntity":103},"FAQPage",[104,110,114],{"name":105,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":107},"How do monomers polymerize into major macromolecule classes in MCAT biochemistry?","Question",{"text":108,"@type":109},"Monomers form polymers through specific bond types: monomers polymerize via covalent bonds, amino acids via peptide bonds, monosaccharides via glycosidic bonds, and nucleotides via phosphodiester bonds.","Answer",{"name":111,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What determines whether an amino acid is neutral, and how is isoelectric point (pI) calculated?",{"text":113,"@type":109},"The isoelectric point is the pH where an amino acid has no net charge. It is calculated as the average of two pKa values: pI = (pKa1 + pKa2)/2.",{"name":115,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How are carbohydrates classified and named in this summary?",{"text":117,"@type":109},"Carbohydrates are described by carbonyl type (aldose vs ketose) and by size (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose) using the number of carbons. The “-ose” suffix denotes sugar.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":120,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":91,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":122,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":124,"site_id":56},572901,1792052371,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":127},{"doc_id":124,"user_id":128,"nickname":88,"user_avatar":129,"doc_module":9,"category_id":45,"category_name":46,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":130,"file_id":131,"file_url":132,"file_type":133,"file_size":134,"view_count":9,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":40,"language":135,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":136,"faqs":137,"seo_title":138,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":139,"read_time":140},1099523885336,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","[MCAT-Prep.com](MCAT-Prep.com) Biochemistry Summary  \nNote: Summaries are most helpful post-content review.  \nMCAT Biochemistry-Macromolecules, Kinetics, Thermodynamics, & The Plasma Membrane  \n\n| Building block | Polymerizes to form… | Chemical bonds | Macromolecule |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Monomers | Dimer, trimer, tetramer, oligomers, etc . | Covalent* bonds | Polymer |\n| Amino acids | Dipeptide, tripeptide, tetra/oligopeptide, etc | Peptide bonds | Polypeptide, protein\u003Cbr>(e.g. insulin, hemoglobin) |\n| Monosaccharides (‘simple sugars’**) | Disaccharide, tri/tetra/ oligosaccharide, etc . | Glycosidic bonds | Polysaccharide\u003Cbr>(e.g. starch, glycogen) |\n| Nucleotides | Nucleotide dimer, tri/tetra/oligomer, etc . | Phosphodiester bonds | Polynucleotides, nucleic acids (e.g. DNA, RNA) |\n\n*There are exceptions. For example, in certain circumstances polypeptides are considered monomers and they may bond non-covalently to form dimers (i.e. higher orders of protein structure) .  \n**Note that disaccharides are also sugars (i.e. sucrose is a glucose-fructose dimer known as ‘table sugar’; lactose is a glucose-galactose known as ‘milk sugar’) .  \nMCAT Biochemistry Macromolecules: Summary I -Amino Acids & Proteins  \nThe current MCAT regularly has questions which require previous knowledge of the structures, features (including changes in charge with pH), 3- and 1-letter abbreviations of the 20 common protein-generating amino acids, etc.  \nThe 20 Standard Amino Acids . A red asterix * is used to indicate the 9 essential amino acids .  \nNotice that if the acidic electrically charged amino acids are fully protonated, the overall charge would be +1 but if fully deprotonated, the overall charge would be-2. The opposite being true for basic amino acids: If fully protonated, the overall charge would be +2 but if fully deprotonated, the overall charge would be-1. These cases are different than for the average amino acid.  \nNote the inset (in the red box) which shows the general structure for an amino acid in both the (1) un-ionized and (2) zwitterionic forms . For the latter, note the resonance stabilized carboxylate anion in red, the primary ammonium ion in blue, and the variable R group in green.  \nMCAT prep • MCAT prep courses • MCAT practice tests MCAT-Prep.com The Only Prep You Need™ Page 1 of 18  \n[MCAT-Prep.com](MCAT-Prep.com) Biochemistry Summary  \nHelpful Mnemonics for One-Letter Amino Acid Abbreviations:  \nAlanine, aRginine, asparagiNe, asparDic acid [aspartic acid], Cysteine, Qutamine [glutamine], glutamEc acid [glutamic acid], Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Kysine [lysine], Methionine, Fenylalanine [phenylalanine], Proline, Serine, Threonine, tWyptophan [tryptophan], tYrosine, Valine Nonpolar Amino Acids = G A P V W L I M F or Gap V.W. Lymph (lymph is important in fatty acid transport   think fatty acid tails are nonpolar) Polar Uncharged Amino Acids = S T Y C N Q or Stick Nick  \n(stick like a “pole”   think polar)  \nElectric Amino Acids = D E H K R or Dee Hicker  \n(dee hicker like deelectric   think electric)  \nTo be more precise, for the Polar Charged Amino Acids: Dee Negative, Hicker Positive, D(-) E(-) H(+) K(+) R(+)  \nGeneral Principles of Proteins  \nl Primary structure  \nm Sequence of amino acids encoded by DNA and linked to each other through covalent bonds (including disulfide bonds)  \nl Secondary structure  \nm Orderly inter-or intramolecular hydrogen bonding of the protein chain  \nm Usually organized in a stable a-helix or a β-pleated sheet  \nl Tertiary structure  \nm Further folding of the protein molecule onto itself  \nm 3D shape (spatial organization) of an  \nentire protein molecule l Quaternary structure  \nm 2 or more protein chains bonded together by noncovalent bonds  \nLevels of Protein Organization  \nPage 2 of 18 MCAT BIOCHEMISTRY SUMMARY  \n[MCAT-Prep.com](MCAT-Prep.com) Biochemistry Summary  \nl Isoelectric point (pI)  \nm pH at which a given amino acid will be neutral (have no net charge)  \nm Average of","cbCaidbyNPHZC2fr","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidbyNPHZC2fr","pdf",4955007,"English","# Building blocks of macromolecules\n## Monomers to polymers and bond types\n# Amino acids and proteins\n## Amino acid structure and ionization\n## Protein structure levels\n## Isoelectric point (pI)\n# Carbohydrates\n## Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides\n## Absolute configuration and Haworth projections","[{\"question\":\"How do monomers polymerize into major macromolecule classes in MCAT biochemistry?\",\"answer\":\"Monomers form polymers through specific bond types: monomers polymerize via covalent bonds, amino acids via peptide bonds, monosaccharides via glycosidic bonds, and nucleotides via phosphodiester bonds.\"},{\"question\":\"What determines whether an amino acid is neutral, and how is isoelectric point (pI) calculated?\",\"answer\":\"The isoelectric point is the pH where an amino acid has no net charge. It is calculated as the average of two pKa values: pI = (pKa1 + pKa2)/2.\"},{\"question\":\"How are carbohydrates classified and named in this summary?\",\"answer\":\"Carbohydrates are described by carbonyl type (aldose vs ketose) and by size (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose) using the number of carbons. The “-ose” suffix denotes sugar.\"}]","Biochemistry Summary - MCAT Biochemistry-Macromolecules, Kinetics, Thermodynamics, & The Plasma Membrane - Amino Acids & Proteins - Carbohydrates | PDF",1791929939,6]