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Providers of market resources can reject or mistreat users based on identity, causing severe harm and denying dignified participation. The discussion in 303 Creative v. Elenis signals potential judicial acceptance of broad private free-speech exemptions, prompting this Article’s rigorous analysis of the oral arguments and proposed reforms to support a duty not to humiliate through private law.",{"@graph":63,"@context":110},[64,80,101],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":51,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/general/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/beyond-discrimination-market-humiliation-and-private-law-article/238459/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"image":82,"author":87,"headline":59,"publisher":90,"fileFormat":93,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":94,"datePublished":95,"encodingFormat":93,"isAccessibleForFree":96,"interactionStatistic":97},"DigitalDocument",{"url":83,"@type":84,"width":85,"height":86},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/beyond-discrimination-market-humiliation-and-private-law-article/238459.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":88,"@type":89},"Kyle","Person",{"url":68,"name":91,"@type":92},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-27","2026-09-11",true,{"@type":98,"interactionType":99,"userInteractionCount":47},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":100},"ViewAction",{"@type":102,"mainEntity":103},"FAQPage",[104],{"name":105,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":107},"What solution does the Article propose to address market humiliation?","Question",{"text":108,"@type":109},"The Article recommends going beyond discrimination by using private law tools, including creating space for a duty not to humiliate and pursuing related doctrinal and remedial reforms.","Answer","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":112,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":91,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":114,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":116,"site_id":56},238459,1789135873,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":119},{"doc_id":116,"user_id":120,"nickname":88,"user_avatar":121,"doc_module":9,"category_id":50,"category_name":51,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":122,"file_id":123,"file_url":124,"file_type":125,"file_size":126,"view_count":47,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":127,"language":128,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":129,"faqs":130,"seo_title":131,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":117,"read_time":42},3985741905716,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","BEYOND DISCRIMINATION: MARKET HUMILIATION AND PRIVATE LAW  \nHILA KEREN*  \nMarket humiliation is a corrosive relational process to which the law repeatedly fails to respond due to the law’s heavy reliance on the discrimination paradigm. In this process, providers of market resources, from housing and work to goods and services, use their powers to reject or mistreat other market users due to their identities. They thus cause users severe harm and deprive them of dignified participation in the marketplace.  \nThe problem has recently reached a peak. The discussion in 303 Creative v. Elenis indicates that the Supreme Court might legitimize market humiliation by granting private providers broad free speech exemptions from nondiscrimination laws. This Article is the first to offer a rigorous analysis of the oral arguments of this pending case. Its troubling findings show why deciding such a critical issue based on abstract preemptive litigation—designed to eliminate those who would be humiliated from the discussion—would be utterly wrong and should be avoided.  \nBut the Article not only sounds an alarm in a moment of crisis; it also develops a novel solution. It is time to go beyond discrimination, turning to private law and utilizing its tools to fight market humiliation. The proposed shift requires  \n* Associate Dean for Research and Paul E. Treusch Professor of Law, Southwestern Law School (she/her) . This project was selected to receive the Montgomery Foundation Scholarship Award and my gratitude goes to the Foundation for its recognition of the value of this work and the generous support. For invaluable feedback and helpful insights, I thank Kathryn Abrams, Yonathan Arbel, Sarah Dadush, Hanoch Dagan, Harout Dimijian, Martha Fineman, Nancy Kim, Danielle Hart, Dahlia Lithwick, Christopher Robinette, Jeremy Telman, and Eyal Zamir. I am also grateful for comments from participants in presentations atthe Vulnerability Initiative, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem School of Law, and the 2022 Annual Meeting of the Law & Society Association. Finally, special thanks go to the editors of the University of Colorado Law Review for their help and hard work.  \nmaking more room within private law for a duty not to humiliate. This Article recommends how to do so and what legal reforms of doctrines and remedies are needed. Following these recommendations can empower people humiliated in the marketplace to take action and seek remedies from those who mistreated them. Private law has unique expressive, normative, and remedial powers that can fill the normative void created under nondiscrimination laws. When the market’s inclusiveness is under attack, one salient response is to develop additional ways to secure market citizenship for all.  \nINTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 89  \nI. THE PROBLEM OF MARKET HUMILIATION ........................ 96  \nA. The Behavior ............................................................... 97  \nB. The Consequences..................................................... 102  \nII. AN EXPANDING NORMATIVE VOID................................... 105  \nA. The Limited Efficacy of Nondiscrimination Laws.. 106  \nB. Recent Free Speech Attacks .................................... 110  \n1. The Oral Arguments in 303 Creative................. 112  \na. No Facts ........................................................ 113  \nb. Skewed Sympathies ..................................... 115  \nc. Focus on a Vilified State .............................. 118  \n2. The Court’s Decision in 303 Creative................. 120  \na. Ideological Zeal ............................................. 123  \nb. Deliberate Limitlessness ............................. 128  \nc. Anti-State Focus ........................................... 134  \nIII. DEVELOPING A PRIVATE LAW RESPONSE ........................ 140  \nA. Justifying a Private Law Response ......................... 141  \n1. Law & Political Econ","cbCaibqO0itTasUK","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibqO0itTasUK","pdf",621588,87,"English","# INTRODUCTION\n## I. THE PROBLEM OF MARKET HUMILIATION\n## II. AN EXPANDING NORMATIVE VOID\n## III. DEVELOPING A PRIVATE LAW RESPONSE\n# CONCLUSION","[{\"question\":\"What solution does the Article propose to address market humiliation?\",\"answer\":\"The Article recommends going beyond discrimination by using private law tools, including creating space for a duty not to humiliate and pursuing related doctrinal and remedial reforms.\"}]","BEYOND DISCRIMINATION - MARKET HUMILIATION AND PRIVATE LAW - Article | PDF"]