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Job applications were sent to roughly 4,000 employers across 10 occupations, with gender and sexual orientation randomly assigned. The findings indicate discrimination by sexual orientation, varying by occupation and limited to the private sector. The results also suggest an interaction with traditional gender roles across male- and female-typical jobs.",{"@graph":63,"@context":119},[64,80,102],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":11,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/presentations/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/are-homosexuals-discriminated-against-in-the-hiring-process-working-paper-2011-21/234464/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"image":82,"author":87,"headline":59,"publisher":90,"fileFormat":93,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":94,"datePublished":95,"encodingFormat":93,"isAccessibleForFree":96,"interactionStatistic":97},"DigitalDocument",{"url":83,"@type":84,"width":85,"height":86},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/are-homosexuals-discriminated-against-in-the-hiring-process-working-paper-2011-21/234464.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":88,"@type":89},"Berry Peter","Person",{"url":68,"name":91,"@type":92},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-11",true,{"@type":98,"interactionType":99,"userInteractionCount":101},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":100},"ViewAction",9,{"@type":103,"mainEntity":104},"FAQPage",[105,111,115],{"name":106,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":108},"What method does the paper use to study hiring discrimination?","Question",{"text":109,"@type":110},"It uses a field experiment with a randomized correspondence test, sending job applications with randomly assigned gender and sexual orientation.","Answer",{"name":112,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":113},"What do the results show about sexual-orientation discrimination?",{"text":114,"@type":110},"The paper finds evidence of sexual-orientation discrimination in the Swedish labor market, with effects varying across occupations and appearing only in the private sector.",{"name":116,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How do the findings relate discrimination to gender roles?",{"text":118,"@type":110},"The gay applicant was discriminated against in occupations dominated by men, while the lesbian applicant was discriminated against in occupations dominated by women, suggesting a link to traditional gender roles.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":121,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":91,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":123,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":125,"site_id":56},234464,1790141965,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":128},{"doc_id":125,"user_id":129,"nickname":88,"user_avatar":130,"doc_module":9,"category_id":8,"category_name":11,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":131,"file_id":132,"file_url":133,"file_type":134,"file_size":135,"view_count":101,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":136,"language":137,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":138,"faqs":139,"seo_title":140,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":141,"read_time":15},1374402524268,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","Are homosexuals discriminated against in the hiring process?  \nAli Ahmed Lina Andersson Mats Hammarstedt  \nWORKING PAPER 2011:21  \nThe Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation (IFAU) is a research institute under the Swedish Ministry of Employment, situated in Uppsala. IFAU’s objective is to promote, support and carry out scientific evaluations. The assignment includes: the effects of labour market policies, studies of the functioning of the labour market, the labour market effects of educational policies and the labour market effects of social insurance policies. IFAU shall also disseminate its results so that they become accessible to different interested parties in Sweden and abroad.  \nIFAU also provides funding for research projects within its areas of interest. The deadline for applications is October 1 each year. Since the researchers at IFAU are mainly economists, researchers from other disciplines are encouraged to apply for funding.  \nIFAU is run by a Director-General. The institute has a scientific council, consisting of a chairman, the Director-General and five other members. Among other things, the scientific council proposes a decision for the allocation of research grants. A reference group including representatives for employer organizations and trade unions, as well asthe ministries and authorities concerned is also connected to the institute.  \nPostal address: P.O. Box 513, 751 20 Uppsala  \nVisiting address: Kyrkogårdsgatan 6, Uppsala  \nPhone: +46 18 471 70 70  \nFax: +46 18 471 70 71  \n[ifau@ifau.uu.se](ifau@ifau.uu.se)[ ](ifau@ifau.uu.se)[www.ifau.se](www.ifau.se)  \nPapers published in the Working Paper Series should, according to the IFAU policy, have been discussed at seminars held at IFAU and at least one other academic forum, and have been read by one external and one internal referee. They need not, however, have undergone the standard scrutiny for publication in a scientific journal. The purpose of the Working Paper Series is to provide a factual basis for public policy and the public policy discussion.  \nISSN 1651-1166  \nAre homosexuals discriminated against in the hiring process? *  \nby  \nAli Ahmed a , Lina Anderssonb , and Mats Hammarstedtc  \nNovember 28, 2011  \nAbstract  \nThis paper presents the first field experiment on sexual orientation discrimination in the hiring process in the Swedish labor market. Job applications were sent to about 4,000 employers in 10 different occupations in Sweden. Gender and sexual orientation were randomly assigned to applications. The results show that sexual orientation discrimination exists in the Swedish labor market. The discrimination against gays and lesbian varies across different occupations and appears only in the private sector. The results also seem to suggest a new dimension of traditional gender roles; the gay applicant was discriminated against in typical male-dominated occupations whereas the lesbian applicant was discriminated against in typical female-dominated occupations. Thus, the results suggest that gays to some extent face the same obstacles on the labor market as heterosexual women.  \nKeywords: Labor market discrimination; sexual orientation; field experiment.  \nJEL-codes: C93; J15; J71 .  \n* The Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation (IFAU) provided financial means for carrying out the research documented in this paper. Riksbankens Jubileumsfond financially supported Ali Ahmed. We express gratitude to Anna Pedersen and Adam Wrede, who provided excellent assistance with the data collection. We thank Magnus Carlsson, Erik Grönqvist, Johanna Palmberg, and Olof Åslund for useful comments. We also thank seminar participants at Linnaeus University, The Ratio Institute, The Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation, The 5th Annual International Conference on Sociology in Athens 2011, The European Economic Association Annual Congress in Oslo 2011, and The European Association of Labour Economists Annual Conference in Pafos 2011 for val","cbCaisCsWI4Z0w7X","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisCsWI4Z0w7X","pdf",319201,34,"English","# 1 Introduction\n# 2 Experimental methodology\n## 2.1 Randomized correspondence test\n## 2.2 Identities of the fictitious applicants\n## 2.3 Choice of occupations\n## 2.4 Gender and sexual orientation labeling\n## 2.5 Procedure and protocol\n# 3 Results\n## 3.1 Proportion of job applications that led to a positive response\n## 3.2 Linear probability estimates of the probability of receiving a positive response\n# 4 Discussion\n# References\n# Appendix A\n# Appendix B","[{\"question\":\"What method does the paper use to study hiring discrimination?\",\"answer\":\"It uses a field experiment with a randomized correspondence test, sending job applications with randomly assigned gender and sexual orientation.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the results show about sexual-orientation discrimination?\",\"answer\":\"The paper finds evidence of sexual-orientation discrimination in the Swedish labor market, with effects varying across occupations and appearing only in the private sector.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the findings relate discrimination to gender roles?\",\"answer\":\"The gay applicant was discriminated against in occupations dominated by men, while the lesbian applicant was discriminated against in occupations dominated by women, suggesting a link to traditional gender roles.\"}]","Are Homosexuals Discriminated Against in the Hiring Process? - Working Paper 2011-21 | PDF",1789087465]