[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-1-en-105":3,"doc-seo-563135-105":53,"doc-detail-563135-en":126},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,14,19,24,29,34,39,44,49],{"id":8,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":11,"show_sort_weight":12,"slug":13},11,1,"Template","Presentations",90,"presentations",{"id":15,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":16,"show_sort_weight":17,"slug":18},12,"Resumes",80,"resumes",{"id":20,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":21,"show_sort_weight":22,"slug":23},14,"Invoices",70,"invoices",{"id":25,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":26,"show_sort_weight":27,"slug":28},15,"Posters",60,"posters",{"id":30,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":31,"show_sort_weight":32,"slug":33},16,"Social Media",50,"social-media",{"id":35,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":36,"show_sort_weight":37,"slug":38},17,"Forms",40,"forms",{"id":40,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":41,"show_sort_weight":42,"slug":43},18,"Letters",30,"letters",{"id":45,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":46,"show_sort_weight":47,"slug":48},21,"Paper Templates",5,"papers-templates",{"id":50,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":51,"show_sort_weight":4,"slug":52},158,"General","general-158",{"code":4,"msg":54,"data":55},"ok",{"site_id":56,"language":57,"slug":58,"title":59,"keywords":60,"description":61,"schema_data":62,"social_meta":119,"head_meta":121,"extra_data":123,"updated_unix":125},105,"en","air-conditioning-and-mechanical-ventilation-acmv-systems","Air-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation (ACMV) Systems","","Air-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation (ACMV) Systems outlines energy-efficient design, optimisation, and operation approaches for tropical building climates. It explains how central chilled water, pumping, and air-handling systems are analyzed through components, layouts, and performance measurement, including chilled water and fan operating points. The manual covers optimisation strategies such as chiller sequencing, temperature reset, pump and fan set-point reset, cooling tower heat transfer and maintenance, plus psychrometrics and thermal loads. A retrofitting case study links methods to practical cost and energy savings while maintaining indoor air quality.",{"@graph":63,"@context":118},[64,80,101],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":11,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/presentations/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/air-conditioning-and-mechanical-ventilation-acmv-systems/563135/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"image":82,"author":87,"headline":59,"publisher":90,"fileFormat":93,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":94,"datePublished":95,"encodingFormat":93,"isAccessibleForFree":96,"interactionStatistic":97},"DigitalDocument",{"url":83,"@type":84,"width":85,"height":86},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/air-conditioning-and-mechanical-ventilation-acmv-systems/563135.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":88,"@type":89},"Finn","Person",{"url":68,"name":91,"@type":92},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-20","2026-10-12",true,{"@type":98,"interactionType":99,"userInteractionCount":47},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":100},"ViewAction",{"@type":102,"mainEntity":103},"FAQPage",[104,110,114],{"name":105,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":107},"Why are ACMV systems emphasized for energy management in tropical climates like Singapore?","Question",{"text":108,"@type":109},"The manual explains that ACMV systems must operate year-round to maintain thermal comfort, and they consume a large share of a commercial building’s energy. Energy-efficient design and optimisation help reduce operating costs while sustaining indoor air quality.","Answer",{"name":111,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Which major ACMV subsystems are covered in the reference manual?",{"text":113,"@type":109},"It covers central chilled water systems (including refrigeration cycles and chiller performance), pumping systems (including sizing and operating points), and air handling systems (including AHU types, fans, duct losses, and set-point reset).",{"name":115,"@type":106,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the manual connect optimisation concepts to real-world implementation?",{"text":117,"@type":109},"It states that many case studies and technical analyses in the document have been successfully implemented, and it includes a dedicated case study on retrofitting a chilled water system to demonstrate practical benefits.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":120,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":91,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":122,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":124,"site_id":56},563135,1792316585,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":127},{"doc_id":124,"user_id":128,"nickname":88,"user_avatar":129,"doc_module":9,"category_id":8,"category_name":11,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":130,"file_id":131,"file_url":132,"file_type":133,"file_size":134,"view_count":47,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":135,"language":136,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":137,"faqs":138,"seo_title":139,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":140,"read_time":141},34359740700684,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1f400023980c374ae676?_k=1777273430885731487","Air-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation (ACMV) Systems  \nTable of Contents  \n1. Air-conditioning chilled water system 1  \n1.1 Vapour-compression refrigeration cycles 2  \n1.2 Function of main components 3  \n1.3 Types of air-conditioning systems 4  \n1.4 Components and layouts of central chilled water system 12  \n1.5 Measurement and calculation of chilled water system performance 16  \n1.6 Measurement and instrumentation requirements 24  \n1.7 Chiller performance based on IPLV, NPLV and Singapore Standards 27  \n1.8 Optimisation of chilled water system 30  \n1.8.1 Air-cooled to water-cooled chiller 30  \n1.8.2 Chiller efficiency and life cycle costing 34  \n1.8.3 Chiller sizing and configuration 40  \n1.8.4 Peak and off-peak operation 46  \n1.8.5 Consolidation of chilled water systems 48  \n1.8.6 Chiller sequencing strategies 51  \n1.8.7 Chilled and condenser water temperature reset 54  \n1.8.8 Condenser tube cleaning and water treatment 61  \n1.9 Thermal energy storage systems 62  \n1.10 District cooling systems 66  \n2. Pumping systems 68  \n2.1 Types of pumping systems 68  \n2.2 System characteristic curves 70  \n2.3 Pump sizing 78  \n2.4 Pump characteristic curves 81  \n2.5 Pump operating point 83  \n2.6 Losses in piping systems 88  \n2.7 Affinity laws 92  \n2.8 Constant and variable flow systems 93  \n2.9 Optimisation strategies for pumping systems 101  \n2.10 System serving multiple buildings 107  \n2.11 Reset of pump set-point 109  \n2.12 Pump performance and operation requirements based on Singapore Standards 110  \n3. Air handling systems 113  \n3.1 Main components 113  \n3.2 Types of air handling systems 113  \n3.2.1 All-air systems 113  \n3.2.2 Air-water systems 117  \n3.2.3 All-water systems 118  \n3.3 Types of fans and their performances 119  \n3.4 Fan and system characteristic curves 120  \n3.5 Fan sizing 126  \n3.6 Fan operating point 129  \n3.7 Losses in ducting systems 134  \n3.8 Affinity laws 140  \n3.9 Constant and variable air volume AHU systems 141  \n3.10 Losses in filter and cooling coils 143  \n3.11 Air flow rate optimisation 146  \n3.12 Coil face velocity 148  \n3.13 Fan efficiency 149  \n3.14 Reset of fan set-point 150  \n3.15 Modified air handling systems 152  \n3.15.1 Primary air handling unit (PAU) 152  \n3.15.2 Duel path AHU 153  \n3.15.3 Make-up air unit (MAU) 154  \n3.15.4 AHU with direct expansion systems 155  \n3.15.5 AHU with solid desiccant systems 156  \n3.15.6 AHU with energy recovery systems 157  \n3.15.7 Displacement ventilation system 160  \n3.15.8 Heat pump system 161  \n3.16 Fan performance and operation requirements based on Singapore Standards  \n163  \n4. Psychrometrics of air-conditioning processes 165  \n4.1 Properties of moist air 165  \n4.2 Determination of moist air properties using Psychrometric chart 169  \n4.3 Types of heat gain in spaces 171  \n4.4 Processes involve in AHU and spaces 171  \n4.4.1 Sensible heating 171  \n4.4.2 Sensible cooling 172  \n4.4.3 Mixing of two air streams 173  \n4.4.4 Cooling and dehumidification of air 177  \n4.4.5 Heat loads for AHU 178  \n4.4.6 Ventilation effects 179  \n4.4.7 Handling of sensible and latent cooling load of spaces 182  \n4.5 Air-conditioning space requirements based on Singapore Standards 186  \n5. Cooling tower systems 187  \n5.1 Configuration of cooling tower systems 187  \n5.2 Heat transfer processes in cooling towers 189  \n5.3 Selection of cooling towers 194  \n5.4 Optimisation strategies of cooling towers 195  \n5.5 Installation of cooling towers 199  \n5.6 Maintenance of cooling towers 200  \n5.7 Cooling tower performance based on Singapore Standards 203  \n6. Case study on retrofitting of chilled water system 205  \nPreface  \nFor a tropical climate like Singapore, air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation (ACMV) system is required to operate throughout the year to maintain thermal comfort inside the buildings. ACMV system consumes about 60% of the total energy consumption of a typical commercial building. Energy efficient design and optimisation of the ACMV system contribute significantly in r","cbCaiigMq3h4aqTN","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiigMq3h4aqTN","pdf",4231126,226,"English","# Air-conditioning chilled water system\n## Vapour-compression refrigeration cycles\n## Function of main components\n## Types of air-conditioning systems\n## Components and layouts of central chilled water system\n## Measurement and calculation of chilled water system performance\n## Measurement and instrumentation requirements\n## Chiller performance based on IPLV, NPLV and Singapore Standards\n## Optimisation of chilled water system\n# Pumping systems\n## Types of pumping systems\n## System characteristic curves\n## Pump sizing\n## Pump characteristic curves\n## Pump operating point\n## Losses in piping systems\n## Affinity laws\n## Constant and variable flow systems\n## Optimisation strategies for pumping systems\n## System serving multiple buildings\n## Reset of pump set-point\n## Pump performance and operation requirements based on Singapore Standards\n# Air handling systems\n## Main components\n## Types of air handling systems\n## Types of fans and their performances\n## Fan sizing\n## Fan operating point\n## Losses in ducting systems\n## Affinity laws\n## Constant and variable air volume AHU systems\n## Losses in filter and cooling coils\n## Air flow rate optimisation\n## Coil face velocity\n## Fan efficiency\n## Reset of fan set-point\n## Modified air handling systems\n# Psychrometrics of air-conditioning processes\n## Properties of moist air\n## Determination of moist air properties using Psychrometric chart\n## Types of heat gain in spaces\n## Processes involve in AHU and spaces\n## Air-conditioning space requirements based on Singapore Standards\n# Cooling tower systems\n## Configuration of cooling tower systems\n## Heat transfer processes in cooling towers\n## Selection of cooling towers\n## Optimisation strategies of cooling towers\n## Installation of cooling towers\n## Maintenance of cooling towers\n## Cooling tower performance based on Singapore Standards\n# Case study on retrofitting of chilled water system","[{\"question\":\"Why are ACMV systems emphasized for energy management in tropical climates like Singapore?\",\"answer\":\"The manual explains that ACMV systems must operate year-round to maintain thermal comfort, and they consume a large share of a commercial building’s energy. Energy-efficient design and optimisation help reduce operating costs while sustaining indoor air quality.\"},{\"question\":\"Which major ACMV subsystems are covered in the reference manual?\",\"answer\":\"It covers central chilled water systems (including refrigeration cycles and chiller performance), pumping systems (including sizing and operating points), and air handling systems (including AHU types, fans, duct losses, and set-point reset).\"},{\"question\":\"How does the manual connect optimisation concepts to real-world implementation?\",\"answer\":\"It states that many case studies and technical analyses in the document have been successfully implemented, and it includes a dedicated case study on retrofitting a chilled water system to demonstrate practical benefits.\"}]","Air-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation (ACMV) Systems | PDF",1791812578,79]