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It addresses the linguistic diversity of Spanish, contrasting unity claims with varying national norms and debates over “correctness,” including the changing status of European Castilian and the rising prestige of Latin-American varieties. 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I.Title.  \nPC4112.B881994  \n468.2'421—dc20  \nAll rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any formor by any means,electronically or mechanically,including photocopying,recording or anyinformation storage or retrieval system,without either prior permission in writing from thepublisher or a licence permitting restricted copying.In the United Kingdom suchlicencesare issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency:90 Tottenham Court Road,London W1P9HE.  \nTypeset in 10/12 pt.Palatino by Anneset,Weston-super-Mare,Avon.a division of Hodder Headline PLC,  \n338 Euston Road,London NW13BH.by St Edmondsbury Press,Bury St Edmunds,Suffolkand Hartnolls Ltd.,Bodmin,Cornwall.  \nContents  \nPreface to the first edition(abridged and revised)Preface to the second editionConventions,spelling and abbreviations  \nm区  \n1 Gender of nouns12 Plural of nouns173 Articles304 Adjectives515 Comparison of adjectives and adverbs736 Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns837 Neuter article and pronouns898 Possessive adjectives and pronouns949 Miscellaneous adjectives and pronouns10110 Numerals11411 Personal pronouns12312 Lelles and lo/la/los/las14313 Forms of verbs15614 Use of indicative (non-continuous)verb forms20715 Continuous forms of the verb23016 The subjunctive23717 The imperative27318 The infinitive28119 Participles29220 The gerund29821 Modal auxiliary verbs30722 Personal a31223 Negation31924 Interrogation and exclamation32925 Conditional sentences33526 Pronominal verbs34127 Verbs of becoming35828 Passive and impersonal sentences36229 Ser and estar37530 Existential sentences('there is/are’,etc.)38231 Adverbs38532 Expressions of time40133 Conjunctions410  \nvi Contents  \n34 Prepositions41935 Relative clauses and pronouns44836 Nominalizers and cleft sentences45837 Word order46438 Diminutive,augmentative and pejorative suffixes47639 Spelling,accent rules,punctuation and word division483Bibliography and sources499Index of English words503Index of Spanish words and grammatical points506  \n# Preface to the first edition(abridged and revised)\n\nThis reference grammar offers intermediate and advanced students a reason-ably comprehensive guide to the morphology and syntax of educated speechand plain prose in Spain and Latin America at the end of the twentiethcentury.  \nSpanish is the main,usually the sole official language of twenty-onecountries,1 and it is set fair to overtake English by the year 2000 in numbersof native speakers.2 This vast geographical and political diversity ensures thatSpanish is a good deal less unified than French,German or even English,thelatter more or less internationally standardized according to either Americanor British norms.  \nUntil the 1960s,the criteria of internationally correct Spanish were dictatedby the Real Academia Espanola,but the prestige of this institution has now sunkso low that its most solemn decrees are hardly taken seriously -witness thefate of the spelling reforms listed in the Nuevas normas de prosodia y ortografia,which were supposed to come into force in all Spanish-speaking countriesin 1959 and,nearly forty years later,are still selectively ignore","cbCaisC49fv3wfCH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisC49fv3wfCH","pdf",26565856,532,"English","# Preface to the first edition (abridged and revised)\n# Preface to the second edition\n# Conventions, spelling and abbreviations\n# Gender of nouns\n# Plural of nouns\n# Articles\n# Adjectives\n# Comparison of adjectives and adverbs\n# Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns\n# Neuter article and pronouns\n# Possessive adjectives and pronouns\n# Miscellaneous adjectives and pronouns\n# Numerals\n# Personal pronouns\n# Letters and lo/la/los/las\n# Forms of verbs\n# Use of indicative (non-continuous) verb forms\n# Continuous forms of the verb\n# The subjunctive\n# The imperative\n# The infinitive\n# Participles\n# The gerund\n# Modal auxiliary verbs\n# Personal a\n# Negation\n# Interrogation and exclamation\n# Conditional sentences\n# Pronominal verbs\n# Verbs of becoming\n# Passive and impersonal sentences\n# Ser and estar\n# Existential sentences ('there is/are', etc.)\n# Adverbs\n# Expressions of time\n# Conjunctions\n# Contents (continued)\n## Prepositions\n## Relative clauses and pronouns\n## Nominalizers and cleft sentences\n## Word order\n## Diminutive, augmentative and pejorative suffixes\n## Spelling, accent rules, punctuation and word division\n## Bibliography and sources\n## Index of English words\n## Index of Spanish words and grammatical points","[{\"question\":\"What audience and scope does the grammar target?\",\"answer\":\"It targets intermediate and advanced students and covers the morphology and syntax of educated speech and plain prose in Spain and Latin America at the end of the twentieth century.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the preface describe the unity of Spanish across regions?\",\"answer\":\"It emphasizes that Spanish is less unified than some other languages, because its correctness and usage are shaped by consensus among many independent, widely scattered countries.\"},{\"question\":\"What debates about “correct Spanish” are highlighted?\",\"answer\":\"The text notes disputes about what constitutes correct Spanish, including resistance to shifts since the end of Franco’s dictatorship and ongoing debates over linguistic norms.\"}]","A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish - Second Edition | PDF",1791844950,186]