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The work schedule in LPS is improved through collaboration among multiple last planners across master, phase, look-ahead, make-ready, and weekly planning levels. Prior simulation games cover limited LPS components, motivating a full-process design for a construction schedule course. 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The new game is designed to include major LPS processes and components, including make-ready and uncertainty management.","Answer",{"name":112,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":113},"Which LPS components are emphasized in the simulation game?",{"text":114,"@type":110},"The game targets the major LPS process levels, including make-ready process alongside planning components such as weekly work planning and commitment.",{"name":116,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How was the game tested for effectiveness?",{"text":118,"@type":110},"The simulation game was implemented in a construction schedule course in a Construction Management program as a pilot study. Students’ perceptions of effectiveness were evaluated, and results showed it was effective for learning.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":121,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":91,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":123,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":125,"site_id":56},393444,1791730655,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":128},{"doc_id":125,"user_id":129,"nickname":88,"user_avatar":130,"doc_module":9,"category_id":8,"category_name":11,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":131,"file_id":132,"file_url":133,"file_type":134,"file_size":135,"view_count":101,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":101,"language":136,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":137,"faqs":138,"seo_title":139,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":140,"read_time":79},962090893581,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","EPiC Series in Built Environment  \nVolume 6, 2025, Pages 241–250  \nProceedings of Associated Schools of Construction 61st Annual International Conference  \nA Last Planner System (LPS) Simulation Game in a Construction Schedule Course  \nEuysup Shim 1, and Chengyi Zhang2  \n1California Baptist University, 2University of Wyoming  \nThe Last Planner System (LPS) is one of the Lean Construction methods. The LPS is to develop amore reliable project schedule through collaboration among multiple ‘Last Planners’. A reliable work schedule in the LPS can be developed through different levels including weekly schedule. A weekly schedule should include the works which are ready for installation and screen out the work items which are not ready. This ‘make-ready’ process in developing weekly schedules is one of the key components in the LPS. Several simulation games had been developed to educate the LPS to construction practitioners and construction major students. The current LPS simulation games include simulation of several different components ofthe LPS. However, no current LPS simulation game simulates all the major processes in the LPS including the ‘make-ready’ process. A new LPS simulation game was developed to include all the major LPS processes and components including management of uncertainty. It was implemented in a construction schedule course in a Construction Management (CM) program at a college in the U.S. As a pilot study, students’ perception of the effectiveness of the game was evaluated. The results show that the newly develop LPS game was effective in learning.  \nKeywords: Last Planner System, Simulation game, Project scheduling  \nIntroduction  \nThe Last Planner System (LPS) is one of the Lean Construction methods to enhance the value to a project owner by minimizing the amount of waste. The LPS was developed by Ballard and Howell in 1992 with emphasis on reducing the uncertainty in construction workflow (Ballard and Howell, 2003) . The LPS considers different levels of constructions (master plan, phase planning, make-ready process, and production planning) and integrate them to develop a more reliable production schedule and to enhance predictability of planned construction activities (Mossman, 2015) .  \nDue to its beneficial features, the LPS has been adopted and implemented in many construction projects (Bellaver et al., 2022) . Some of the benefits ofthe LPS have been identified as followings:  \n• More reliable planning or reduction of variability in projects (Alarcón et al., 2005)  \n• Enhanced project performance in terms of time (Mossman, 2015; Alarcón et al., 2005)  \nW. Collins, A.J. Perrenoud and J. Posillico (eds.), ASC 2025 (EPiC Series in Built Environment, vol. 6),  \nA Last Planner System (LPS) Simulation Game... Shim and Zhang  \n• Significant improvement in project safety, predictability, profit and feelings of wellbeing among project staff (Mossman, 2015)  \nFor better project results, the LPS requires all project participants such as the general contractor, all trade partners (specialty contractors), and key engineers to collaborate and develop reliable production schedules and better control of the production (González et al., 2014) . Furthermore, the Lean Construction concepts which the LPS is based on may appear counterintuitive compared to traditional project management concepts: encouragement of collaborative interdependence rather than siloed and fragmented interactions. Due to these requirements and non-traditional management concept, the LPSand other Lean Construction concepts have been taught through simulation exercises or games (Tsao and Howell, 2015) . The format of simulation exercises are effective hands-on learning tools which enable practicing business skills in a risk-free process and by accelerating the learning process especially for complex lessons (Clarke, 2009; Forcael et al., 2012) .  \nSeveral simulation games had been developed to educate the LPS to construction practitioners and con","cbCaitMLmAfXtWKT","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitMLmAfXtWKT","pdf",664104,"English","# Introduction\n# Literature Review\n## Components of the LPS","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the proposed LPS simulation game address?\",\"answer\":\"Existing LPS simulation games simulate only certain components and often omit the make-ready process. The new game is designed to include major LPS processes and components, including make-ready and uncertainty management.\"},{\"question\":\"Which LPS components are emphasized in the simulation game?\",\"answer\":\"The game targets the major LPS process levels, including make-ready process alongside planning components such as weekly work planning and commitment.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the game tested for effectiveness?\",\"answer\":\"The simulation game was implemented in a construction schedule course in a Construction Management program as a pilot study. Students’ perceptions of effectiveness were evaluated, and results showed it was effective for learning.\"}]","A Last Planner System (LPS) Simulation Game in a Construction Schedule Course | PDF",1790386487]