[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-1-en-105":3,"doc-seo-568242-105":53,"doc-detail-568242-en":127},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,14,19,24,29,34,39,44,49],{"id":8,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":11,"show_sort_weight":12,"slug":13},11,1,"Template","Presentations",90,"presentations",{"id":15,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":16,"show_sort_weight":17,"slug":18},12,"Resumes",80,"resumes",{"id":20,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":21,"show_sort_weight":22,"slug":23},14,"Invoices",70,"invoices",{"id":25,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":26,"show_sort_weight":27,"slug":28},15,"Posters",60,"posters",{"id":30,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":31,"show_sort_weight":32,"slug":33},16,"Social Media",50,"social-media",{"id":35,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":36,"show_sort_weight":37,"slug":38},17,"Forms",40,"forms",{"id":40,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":41,"show_sort_weight":42,"slug":43},18,"Letters",30,"letters",{"id":45,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":46,"show_sort_weight":47,"slug":48},21,"Paper Templates",5,"papers-templates",{"id":50,"doc_module":9,"doc_module_name":10,"category_name":51,"show_sort_weight":4,"slug":52},158,"General","general-158",{"code":4,"msg":54,"data":55},"ok",{"site_id":56,"language":57,"slug":58,"title":59,"keywords":60,"description":61,"schema_data":62,"social_meta":120,"head_meta":122,"extra_data":124,"updated_unix":126},105,"en","6b1-the-basis-for-the-new-wind-chill-temperature-chart","6B.1 THE BASIS FOR THE NEW WIND CHILL TEMPERATURE CHART","","The paper explains the technical foundation for a revised wind chill temperature chart adopted for the 2001–2002 winter season. It reviews why the original U.S. National Weather Service chart was considered flawed, summarizing key data and modeling limitations. It then details updated assumptions for exposed skin areas, convective and radiative heat transfer modeling, and adjusted still-air and face-level wind-speed relationships. Finally, it presents the governing heat-balance equation and the need for an iterative solution based on skin temperature.",{"@graph":63,"@context":119},[64,80,102],{"@type":65,"itemListElement":66},"BreadcrumbList",[67,71,74,77],{"item":68,"name":69,"@type":70,"position":9},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":72,"name":10,"@type":70,"position":73},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/",2,{"item":75,"name":51,"@type":70,"position":76},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/general/",3,{"item":78,"name":59,"@type":70,"position":79},"https://docshare.wps.com/template/6b1-the-basis-for-the-new-wind-chill-temperature-chart/568242/",4,{"url":78,"name":59,"@type":81,"image":82,"author":87,"headline":59,"publisher":90,"fileFormat":93,"inLanguage":57,"description":61,"dateModified":94,"datePublished":95,"encodingFormat":93,"isAccessibleForFree":96,"interactionStatistic":97},"DigitalDocument",{"url":83,"@type":84,"width":85,"height":86},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/6b1-the-basis-for-the-new-wind-chill-temperature-chart/568242.png","ImageObject",442,249,{"name":88,"@type":89},"vwvw","Person",{"url":68,"name":91,"@type":92},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-25","2026-10-13",true,{"@type":98,"interactionType":99,"userInteractionCount":101},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":100},"ViewAction",8,{"@type":103,"mainEntity":104},"FAQPage",[105,111,115],{"name":106,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":108},"Why was the original wind chill temperature chart considered incorrect?","Question",{"text":109,"@type":110},"Researchers concluded it exaggerated wind effects and produced wind chill temperatures that were too cold. The paper cites high variability in data, insufficient high-wind data, neglect of thermal resistance, and an assumption of overly high skin temperature, compounded when paired with local station wind speeds.","Answer",{"name":112,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":113},"What assumptions are used for the exposed skin and heat-loss modeling?",{"text":114,"@type":110},"The face is treated as the most exposed area in winter, and convective heat loss is approximated using flow past a vertical cylinder in cross flow. The model uses a 18 cm cylinder diameter, mid-cheek location averaging, and radiation heat loss computed from cylinder surface and air temperatures.",{"name":116,"@type":107,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How is wind chill temperature computed from the governing equation?",{"text":118,"@type":110},"The method applies a heat-balance relation equating still-air and actual-air overall heat transfer paths. Because the final skin temperature is unknown and affects the heat transfer coefficients, the paper uses an iterative procedure starting from an initial skin-temperature estimate.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":78,"og:type":121,"og:title":59,"og:site_name":91,"og:description":61},"article",{"robots":123,"canonical":78},"index,follow",{"doc_id":125,"site_id":56},568242,1792027244,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":128},{"doc_id":125,"user_id":129,"nickname":88,"user_avatar":130,"doc_module":9,"category_id":50,"category_name":51,"doc_title":59,"doc_description":61,"doc_content":131,"file_id":132,"file_url":133,"file_type":134,"file_size":135,"view_count":101,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":9,"is_downloadable":9,"audit_status":9,"page_count":79,"language":136,"language_code":57,"site_id":56,"html_lang":57,"table_of_contents":137,"faqs":138,"seo_title":139,"seo_description":61,"update_tm":140,"read_time":73},3985747874149,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/3a001161165b4dc3d9e?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1790129441039064114","6B.1 THE BASIS FOR THE NEW WIND CHILL TEMPERATURE CHART  \nMaurice Bluestein*  \nIndiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana Randall Osczevski  \nDefence R & D Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada  \n1. INTRODUCTION  \nIn 1973, the National Weather Service of the U.S. (NWS) adopted the concept of wind chill to describe the effect of the wind on the loss of body heat, resulting in persons feeling colder than would be indicated by the air temperature alone. A chart was issued with equivalent temperatures called wind chill temperatures (WCT) that, with still air, would result in the same rate of heat loss from exposed skin as that under actual conditions of dry bulb temperature and wind speed. The chart was based on the work of Siple and Passel (1945) performed in an Antarctic winter. Subsequently, many researchers concluded that this chart was in error, that it exaggerated the effect of the wind and its WCT’s were too cold. These included Bluestein (1998), Buettner (1952), Burton and Edholm (1955), Elsner and Bolstad (1963), Kessler (1993), Milan (1961), Molnar (1960), Osczevski (1995), and Steadman (1971) . The major faults in the original work are great variability in the data points, insufficient data at high wind speeds, neglect of the thermal resistance of the container used in the freezing of water in the study, and an assumption of too high a skin temperature. The error is compounded when the calculated WCT is associated with the wind speed as reported at the local weather station. Such speeds are measured 10 m above the ground and are significantly greater than those at face level.  \nAs result of an internet conference on WCT hosted in 2000 by the Canadian weather service, Environment Canada (EC), the NWS convened a group of interested parties and researchers to evaluate the state of the art in WCT determination and to recommend a better approach. This group, called the Joint Action Group for Temperature Indices (JAG/TI) included members of the NWS and the EC and had as its first objective a WCT chart that would be easy to understand, could be utilized by all North American weather services, and would be scientifically valid. The group concluded that the alternative proposals published by Osczevski (1995) and Bluestein and Zecher (1999), using the same heat transfer principles, offered the best opportunity for a more accurate WCT chart. Osczevski and Bluestein, both members of the group, were designated by the JAG/TI to work together to develop a new WCT chart to be ready for the 2001-2002 winter season. This was accomplished and  \n* Corresponding author address: Maurice Bluestein, IUPUI Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Indianapolis, IN 46202; [email:mblueste@iupui.edu](email:mblueste@iupui.edu).  \nimplemented in the U.S. and Canada in November, 2001. This paper describes the technical basis for this new chart.  \n2. ASSUMPTIONS  \nTo avoid consideration of clothed individuals, areas of exposed skin were concentrated on. In winter, the area most exposed is the face. The convective heat loss from the face in wind was approximated by calculating the convective heat flow from the upwind side of a vertical cylinder in cross flow. This is more appropriate than the inclusion of the heat transfer from the full cylinder as explained by Osczevski (2000) . The diameter of this cylinder was assumed to be 18 cm. Heat transfer was calculated at cylinder locations that are 50 degrees to the wind, equivalent to mid-cheek. Here the convective heat transfer rate is about equal to the average over the front 160 degrees of the cylinder. The face would be facing into the wind in the worst-case scenario. Such a model in a cross flow wind has been studied in the literature. The rate of convective heat loss from such a cylinder was determined by the method reported in Kreith (1976), which fits the range of Reynolds Numbers and Prandtl Numbers encountered. The rate of heat loss by radiation is a function of the temperatures of ","cbCaibgf6t99de3u","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibgf6t99de3u","pdf",135975,"English","# 1. INTRODUCTION\n# 2. ASSUMPTIONS\n## Equivalent air speed and wind-speed scaling\n# 3. METHODS\n## Heat-balance equation and iterative procedure","[{\"question\":\"Why was the original wind chill temperature chart considered incorrect?\",\"answer\":\"Researchers concluded it exaggerated wind effects and produced wind chill temperatures that were too cold. The paper cites high variability in data, insufficient high-wind data, neglect of thermal resistance, and an assumption of overly high skin temperature, compounded when paired with local station wind speeds.\"},{\"question\":\"What assumptions are used for the exposed skin and heat-loss modeling?\",\"answer\":\"The face is treated as the most exposed area in winter, and convective heat loss is approximated using flow past a vertical cylinder in cross flow. The model uses a 18 cm cylinder diameter, mid-cheek location averaging, and radiation heat loss computed from cylinder surface and air temperatures.\"},{\"question\":\"How is wind chill temperature computed from the governing equation?\",\"answer\":\"The method applies a heat-balance relation equating still-air and actual-air overall heat transfer paths. Because the final skin temperature is unknown and affects the heat transfer coefficients, the paper uses an iterative procedure starting from an initial skin-temperature estimate.\"}]","6B.1 THE BASIS FOR THE NEW WIND CHILL TEMPERATURE CHART | PDF",1791869999]