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Elle retrace l’évolution des priorités scientifiques du PNC et du PNG et formule les grandes questions d’avenir en cosmologie, en physique et dans l’évolution des galaxies. Les faits saillants récents menés par des équipes françaises sont regroupés au chapitre II, suivis d’une réflexion communautaire sur les objectifs au chapitre III et des projets et instruments au chapitre IV. Le rôle des recherches théoriques, simulations et de l’observatoire virtuel est traité au chapitre V.","Programme National Cosmologie et Galaxies  \n(PNCG)  \n2009  \nContents  \nI Introduction 5  \nII Recent Scienti􀀜c highlights 12  \nII.1 Recent advances in precision cosmology .................... 13  \nII.1.1 Cosmic Microwave Background ..................... 13  \nII.1.2 Type Ia Supernovae ........................... 14  \nII.1.3 Cosmic shear ............................... 15  \nII.2 Recent advances in galaxy formation and evolution .............. 16  \nII.2.1 XMM & Chandra ............................. 16  \nII.2.2 GALEX & Spitzer ............................ 18  \nII.2.3 SDSS ................................... 19  \nII.2.4 Galaxy clustering with the CFHTLS .................. 20  \nII.2.5 VVDS ................................... 21  \nII.2.6 COSMOS ................................. 23  \nII.2.7 GOODS .................................. 24  \nII.2.8 Very-high-redshift galaxies ........................ 24  \nII.2.9 The Horizon project ........................... 27  \nIII Prospective: main science themes and major open questions 28  \nIII.1 Physics of the Universe .............................. 29  \nIII.1.1 Theory of the early Universe ...................... 29  \nIII.1.2 Dark energy ................................ 31  \nIII.1.3 Dark matter ................................ 40  \nIII.2 Large-scale structures .............................. 51  \nIII.2.1 Reionization of the Universe ....................... 51  \nIII.2.2 Absorption-line studies and the intergalactic medium ......... 55  \nIII.2.3 Physics of galaxy clusters ........................ 64  \nIII.2.4 Large scale matter distribution ..................... 73  \nIII.3 Galaxy formation ................................. 83  \nIII.3.1 Formation of the 􀀜rst stars, galaxies and quasars ........... 83  \nIII.3.2 Cosmic backgrounds ........................... 88  \nIII.3.3 Hierarchical galaxy formation ...................... 94  \nIII.4 Physics of galaxies and History of star formation ............... 98  \nIII.4.1 Galaxy dynamics ............................. 98  \nIII.4.2 Galaxy interactions ............................ 104  \nIII.4.3 The environment and starburst history ................. 111  \nIII.5 Resolved stellar populations in galaxies ..................... 117  \nIII.5.1 Star formation and the interstellar medium .............. 117  \nIII.5.2 Stellar populations and chemical evolution ............... 122  \nIII.5.3 Stellar halos and accretion ........................ 126  \nIV Projects and instrumentation to answer these questions 131  \nIV.1 Immediate facilities ................................ 132  \nIV.1.1 The Planck project ............................ 132  \nIV.1.2 The Herschel satellite .......................... 133  \nIV.1.3 KIDS/VIKING and Ultra-VISTA .................... 135  \nIV.1.4 The Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) ............ 137  \nIV.1.5 Cosmology and galaxies with LOFAR ................. 140  \nIV.2 Next-generation facilities ............................. 141  \nIV.2.1 GAIA ................................... 141  \nIV.2.2 The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) .............. 144  \nIV.2.3 The Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) ........... 146  \nIV.2.4 Optical-Infrared Interferometry ..................... 149  \nIV.3 Major longer-term facilities ........................... 152  \nIV.3.1 The European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT) .......... 152  \nIV.3.2 The Square Kilometer Array radio telescope (SKA) .......... 154  \nIV.3.3 The Euclid Mission ............................ 157  \nIV.3.4 SNAP project status 2006-2008 .................... 158  \nIV.3.5 The International X-ray Observatory (XEUS/IXO) .......... 162  \nIV.3.6 The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) ............. 164  \nIV.3.7 SPICA ................................... 166  \nIV.3.8 LISA .................................... 168  \nIV.3.9 MANOLIA/ROSEBUD ......................... 171  \nIV.4 Smaller projects .................................. 175  \nIV.4.1 Super-GIRAFFE ............................. 175  \nIV.4.2 The Hubble Sphere Hyd","cbCaijMG1yvpqAtQ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijMG1yvpqAtQ","pdf",24480848,1,212,"French","fr",114,"# Introduction\n## Avant-propos\n## Évolution du PNC et du PNG en PNCG\n# Recent scientific highlights\n# Prospective: main science themes and major open questions\n# Projects and instrumentation to answer these questions\n# Theory, Simulations and Virtual Observatory\n# Fonctionnement\n# References","[{\"question\":\"Quel est l’objet du PNCG présenté dans le document ?\",\"answer\":\"Le document présente les lignes directrices du Programme National de Cosmologie et Galaxies (PNCG). Il explique sa finalité et son articulation avec la cosmologie et l’évolution des galaxies.\"},{\"question\":\"D’où vient le PNCG et comment a-t-il été créé ?\",\"answer\":\"Le PNCG est né de la fusion des anciens PNC (1997-2008) et PNG (2001-2008). Le texte mentionne aussi la création du PNC et du PNG à la suite du regroupement des communautés de chercheurs.\"},{\"question\":\"Quels chapitres traitent les thèmes scientifiques et quels chapitres traitent les moyens d’observation ?\",\"answer\":\"Les faits saillants des recherches récentes sont regroupés au chapitre II, les objectifs et grandes questions au chapitre III, et les projets et instruments au chapitre IV. Les recherches théoriques, simulations et l’observatoire virtuel sont abordés au chapitre V.\"}]","Programme National Cosmologie et Galaxies (PNCG) - 2009 | PDF",1791078702,326,{"code":4,"msg":72,"data":73},"ok",{"site_id":65,"language":64,"slug":74,"title":54,"keywords":75,"description":55,"schema_data":76,"social_meta":131,"head_meta":133,"extra_data":135,"updated_unix":136},"national-cosmology-and-galaxies-program-pncg-2009","",{"@graph":77,"@context":130},[78,94,113],{"@type":79,"itemListElement":80},"BreadcrumbList",[81,85,88,91],{"item":82,"name":83,"@type":84,"position":61},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":86,"name":9,"@type":84,"position":87},"https://docshare.wps.com/fr/document/",2,{"item":89,"name":30,"@type":84,"position":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/fr/document/recherche-rapport/",3,{"item":92,"name":54,"@type":84,"position":93},"https://docshare.wps.com/fr/document/national-cosmology-and-galaxies-program-pncg-2009/504919/",4,{"url":92,"name":54,"@type":95,"image":96,"author":101,"headline":54,"publisher":103,"fileFormat":106,"inLanguage":64,"description":55,"dateModified":107,"datePublished":107,"encodingFormat":106,"isAccessibleForFree":108,"interactionStatistic":109},"DigitalDocument",{"url":97,"@type":98,"width":99,"height":100},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/national-cosmology-and-galaxies-program-pncg-2009/504919.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":52,"@type":102},"Person",{"url":82,"name":104,"@type":105},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-04",true,{"@type":110,"interactionType":111,"userInteractionCount":61},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":112},"ViewAction",{"@type":114,"mainEntity":115},"FAQPage",[116,122,126],{"name":117,"@type":118,"acceptedAnswer":119},"Quel est l’objet du PNCG présenté dans le document ?","Question",{"text":120,"@type":121},"Le document présente les lignes directrices du Programme National de Cosmologie et Galaxies (PNCG). Il explique sa finalité et son articulation avec la cosmologie et l’évolution des galaxies.","Answer",{"name":123,"@type":118,"acceptedAnswer":124},"D’où vient le PNCG et comment a-t-il été créé ?",{"text":125,"@type":121},"Le PNCG est né de la fusion des anciens PNC (1997-2008) et PNG (2001-2008). Le texte mentionne aussi la création du PNC et du PNG à la suite du regroupement des communautés de chercheurs.",{"name":127,"@type":118,"acceptedAnswer":128},"Quels chapitres traitent les thèmes scientifiques et quels chapitres traitent les moyens d’observation ?",{"text":129,"@type":121},"Les faits saillants des recherches récentes sont regroupés au chapitre II, les objectifs et grandes questions au chapitre III, et les projets et instruments au chapitre IV. Les recherches théoriques, simulations et l’observatoire virtuel sont abordés au chapitre V.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":92,"og:type":132,"og:title":54,"og:site_name":104,"og:description":55},"article",{"robots":134,"canonical":92},"index,follow",{"doc_id":50,"site_id":65},1791096086]