[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-116822-en":3,"doc-seo-116822-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":95},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},116822,7971461741311,"Ophelia","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/74000253aff267980c6?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779345379180704826",9,"Religion & Spirituality","Zoroastrians - Their Religious Beliefs and Practices","A comprehensive historical and religious account of Zoroastrianism, presenting its origins among the Indo-Iranians, the development of doctrine, and the formation of worship practices. The text examines key teachings and figures such as Zoroaster and Ahura Mazda, explores sacred rituals, festivals, prayers, and liturgy, and traces changes across major dynasties from the Achaemenians through the Sasanians, Caliphs, and later Persian and Islamic periods. It also covers scribal traditions, calendar reform, communal organization, and the survival and global dispersion of the faith, with concluding synthesis and scholarly reference tools.","Library of Religious Beliefs and Practices General Editor: John R. Hinnells The University, Manchester  \nIn the series:  \nThe Sikhs  \nW . Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi  \nZoroastrians  \nTheir Religious Beliefs and Practices  \nMaryBoyce  \nROUTLEDGE & KEGAN PAUL London, Boston and Henley  \nHARVARD UNIVERSITY, UBRARY.:  \nDEe 1 81979  \nFirst published in 1979  \nby Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd  \n39 Store Street, London WC1E 7DD, Broadway House, Newtown Road, Henley-on-Thames, Oxon RG9 1EN and  \n9 Park Street, Boston, Mass. 02108, USA Set in 10 on 12pt Garamond and printed in Great Britain by  \nLowe & Brydone Printers Ltd Thetford, Norfolk  \n© Mary Boyce 1979  \nNo part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except for the quotation of brief passages in criticism  \nBritish Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Boyce, Mary  \nZoroastrians. - (Library of religious beliefs and practices) .  \nI. Zoroastrianism-History  \nI. Title II. Series  \nISBN 0 7100 0121 5  \nDedicated in gratitude to the memory of  \nHECTOR MUNRO CHADWICK  \nElrington and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon in the University of Cambridge  \n1 912-4 1  \nContents  \nPreface  \nGlossary  \nSigns and abbreviations   \n\\/  I The background  \nIntroduction  \nThe Indo-Iranians  \nThe old religion  \nThe cult  \nThe gods  \nDeath and the hereafter Conclusion  \n 2 Zoroaster and his teaching Introduction Zoroaster and his mission  \nAhura Mazda and his Adversary The heptad and the seven creations  \nv  \nXJ1l  \nxv  \nXIX  \nI  \nI  \n2  \n3  \nJ 6  \n12  \n16  \n17  \n17  \n18  \n19  \n21  \nContents  \nCreation and the Three Times Death and the hereafter  \n 3 The establishing of Mazda worship Introduction  \nThe Zoroastrian badge The times and manner of praying The seven festivals  \nThe oldest prayers  \nThe creed  \nThe liturgy and Yenhe hattlm The Ashem vohu  \nThe hymns  \n4 The unrecorded centuries  \nThe early days  \nDoctrinal developments  \nBelief in a world Saviour The extension of purity laws Priests and worship  \nConclusion  \n5 Under the Achaemenians  \nThe Medes, the Persians and Zoroaster The early kings  \nCyrus  \nCambyses  \nDarius the Great  \nXerxes  \nAchaemenian palaces and tombs\" Fires and fire altars  \nThe divine beings  \nIcons and temples  \nThe priesthood  \n25  \n27  \n30  \n30  \n31  \n32  \n33  \n34  \n35  \n37  \n38  \n38  \n3 9  \n3 9 40 42 43 46 46  \n48  \n48  \n50  \n50  \n53  \n54  \n56  \n57  \n60  \n61  \n62  \n65  \nContents  \nTheZurvanite heresy  \nThe Zoroastrian calendar  \nThe three world Saviours  \nPractices of the faith  \n- The spread of Zoroaster's teaching  \n6 Under the Seleucids and Arsacids Alexander and Iran The Seleucids and Iran The rise of the Parthians  \nEastern Iranian borders: the Kushans  \nWestern Iranian borders : Armenia Fire temples and image shrines  \nFunerary practices  \nDevelopments in calendar and chronology--The Avesta  \nDevelopments in the scribal tradition Human affairs  \nNext-oJ-kin marriages  \nEcclesiastical organization  \nUnbelievers  \nConclusion  \n7 Under the early Sasanians  \nThe rise of the Sasanians  \nTansar, a religious propagandist  \nCalendar changes  \nIconoclasm and sacred fires  \nThe rise of Kirder, the second great prelate The prophet Mani  \nZurvanism in the early Sasanian period Learning and writing  \nThe summit of Kirder's power  \nPersian made the official language of all Iran Conclusion  \n100  \nIOI  \n101  \n102  \n104  \nI06  \n109  \nIII  \n11 2  \n1 1 3 II4 II6  \n11 7  \nContents  \n8 During the mid Sasanian period Upholding a Zurvanite orthodoxy The three great sacred fires  \nLiturgical reform  \nReligious literature and royal propaganda Calendar reform  \nThe Mazdakite movement  \n9 Under the later Sasanians  \nKhosrow 'the Just'  \nThe written Avesta  \nThe Pahlavi literature  \nReligious observances  \nThe last years of Zoroastrian Iran Conclusion  \n10 Under the Caliphs  \nThe Arab conquest of Iran Inducements and barriers to conversion Islam takes root in Iran  \nZoroastrians in ninth-century Iran  \nZoroastrians in tenth-century Iran Turkish","cbCaib9q19TNp4rq","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaib9q19TNp4rq","pdf",3436582,1,273,"English","en",105,"# Preface\n# Introduction\n## The Indo-Iranians\n## The old religion\n## The cult\n## The gods\n## Death and the hereafter\n# Zoroaster and his teaching\n## Introduction\n## Ahura Mazda and his Adversary\n## The heptad and the seven creations\n## Creation and the Three Times\n## Death and the hereafter\n# The establishing of Mazda worship\n## The Zoroastrian badge\n## The times and manner of praying\n## The seven festivals\n## The oldest prayers\n## The creed\n## The liturgy and Yenhe hattlm\n## The Ashem vohu\n## The hymns\n# The unrecorded centuries\n## Early days\n## Doctrinal developments\n## Belief in a world Saviour\n## Priests and worship\n# Under the Achaemenians\n## Cyrus\n## Cambyses\n## Darius the Great\n## Xerxes\n## Icons and temples\n## The priesthood\n## The Zurvanite heresy\n## The Zoroastrian calendar\n# Under the Seleucids and Arsacids\n## Alexander and Iran\n## The Seleucids and Iran\n## The rise of the Parthians\n## Fire temples and image shrines\n## Funerary practices\n## Developments in the Avesta\n# Under the early Sasanians\n## Calendar changes\n## Iconoclasm and sacred fires\n## The prophet Mani\n## Zurvanism in the early Sasanian period\n## Learning and writing\n# During the mid Sasanian period\n## Upholding a Zurvanite orthodoxy\n## Liturgical reform\n## Religious literature and royal propaganda\n## The Mazdakite movement\n# Under the later Sasanians\n## Khosrow 'the Just'\n## The written Avesta\n## The Pahlavi literature\n## Religious observances\n# Under the Caliphs\n## The Arab conquest of Iran\n## Islam takes root in Iran\n## Zoroastrians in ninth- and tenth-century Iran\n## Turkish and Mongol invasions of Iran\n# Under Il-Khans, Rajahs and Sultans\n## Zoroastrian survival\n## Manuscript copying and preservation\n## The Parsi founding fathers\n# Under the Safavids and Mughals\n## Irani Zoroastrians under Shah cAbbas: their beliefs and practices\n## Eighteenth-century Parsi religious disputes\n## The Parsi Panchayat of Bombay\n## The Parsi practice of the faith\n# Under the Qajars and British\n## Christian missionaries and Parsi beliefs\n## Parsi religious reforms\n## Theosophy and the Parsis\n## Ilm-i Khshnum: Zoroastrian occultism\n# In the twentieth century\n## Urban Parsis\n## Zoroastrians in modern Iran\n## Parsis in independent India and Pakistan\n## Recent interpretations of Zoroastrian belief\n## International dispersion","[{\"question\":\"What are the central religious beliefs and teachings discussed in the book?\",\"answer\":\"The book outlines core Zoroastrian teaching through Zoroaster’s mission, Ahura Mazda and opposing forces, the heptad and creations, and subsequent doctrinal developments across periods.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the text describe Zoroastrian worship and religious practice?\",\"answer\":\"It explains the establishment of Mazda worship, including prayers, the creed, liturgy, the Ashem vohu, hymns, and the seven festivals, alongside ritual timing and praying methods.\"},{\"question\":\"How does Zoroastrianism evolve across historical dynasties and political changes?\",\"answer\":\"Chapters track doctrinal and institutional shifts under the Achaemenians, Seleucids and Arsacids, early and later Sasanians, the Caliphs, and later eras, including calendar reforms, sacred fires, and organizational changes.\"},{\"question\":\"What happens to Zoroastrians after the fall of Zoroastrian imperial power?\",\"answer\":\"The later sections focus on survival through manuscript copying and preservation, the founding of the Parsi community, religious reforms, European scholarly engagement, and the modern global dispersion of Zoroastrians.\"}]","Zoroastrians - Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | 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are the central religious beliefs and teachings discussed in the book?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The book outlines core Zoroastrian teaching through Zoroaster’s mission, Ahura Mazda and opposing forces, the heptad and creations, and subsequent doctrinal developments across periods.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does the text describe Zoroastrian worship and religious practice?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"It explains the establishment of Mazda worship, including prayers, the creed, liturgy, the Ashem vohu, hymns, and the seven festivals, alongside ritual timing and praying methods.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How does Zoroastrianism evolve across historical dynasties and political changes?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Chapters track doctrinal and institutional shifts under the Achaemenians, Seleucids and Arsacids, early and later Sasanians, the Caliphs, and later eras, including calendar reforms, sacred fires, and organizational changes.",{"name":86,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":87},"What happens to Zoroastrians after the fall of Zoroastrian imperial power?",{"text":88,"@type":76},"The later sections focus on survival through manuscript copying and preservation, the founding of the Parsi community, religious reforms, European scholarly engagement, and the modern global dispersion of Zoroastrians.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":91,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":93,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":96},[97,101,105,109,114,119,124,129,132,135,139],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Story & 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