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The discussion frames Harari’s argument that liberal democracy has entered disorientation as shared political “stories” decline from three in 1938 to none by 2008. It explains cooperation through shared narratives, reviews Sapiens/Homo Deus themes, and asks what hope remains when there is a vacuum of visions filled by nationalism or religion.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/yuval-noah-harari-discussion-transcript-rusi-13th-november-2018-thinking-about-liberal-democracy/639472/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/yuval-noah-harari-discussion-transcript-rusi-13th-november-2018-thinking-about-liberal-democracy/639472.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Rhys","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-02","2026-10-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does Harari mean by humans being “storytelling animals”?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"He argues that people interpret life through stories rather than numbers or equations, and that shared stories underpin human cooperation.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the discussion explain the decline of political “stories” over time?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It outlines a shift from three competing stories in 1938 to only one by 1968 and then effectively zero by 2008, producing shock and disorientation.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why is the “switch to zero stories” described as frightening?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"With no dominant explanation or vision for the future, people lose clarity about what is happening and what is likely to come next.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},639472,1793051180,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},687207024643,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","Professor Yuval Noah Harari  \nIn conversation with Lord Hague of Richmond  \nRUSI, 13th November 2018  \nLord Hague of Richmond (WH): As chairman of RUSI it is a great pleasure to welcome you here tonight to the Royal United Services Institute and to the Duke of Wellington Hall specifically. The Institute was founded in 1831, with the Duke of Wellington our first chairman and we claim to be the world’s oldest think tank. We have here tonight one of the world’s newest and deepest thinkers, to do some ‘thinking’ with us at this think tank; it is a great pleasure to have Professor Yuval Noah Harari with us tonight.  \nWe will range more widely than the normal subjects of conflict, defence and security on which we specialise – although no doubt these will feature in our discussion – because a discussion with Yuval is a discussion about everything that human beings have done, or are doing, or might do in the future. He has gone from specialising in world history, medieval history and military history to writing three acclaimed books about most of the things that we human beings get up to.  \nIn Sapiens, his first book, he described our history and how we as humans drove other species to extinction, and much else besides, and having passed through a cognitive revolution, an agricultural revolution and a scientific revolution, we are now on the brink of the end of Homo Sapiens, as we move from natural selection to intelligent design.  \nIn Homo Deus, he described what our future might look like. How we might become unaccountable gods wreaking havoc on our own eco-system – which we have already become in many ways – and that we might divide as a society, as some become super human beings. Now, in his latest book, 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, he turns to today’s most urgent issues.  \nSo, Yuval, welcome to RUSI and I want to start with a point that is a very familiar subject to everyone here but that you articulate very clearly and mercilessly at the very beginning of your latest book, which is what’s happening to liberal democracy. You write that liberal elites are in a state of shock and disorientation. Here we are dealing with Brexit, with President Trump, with the Italian government – we are definitely in a state of disorientation.  \nYou write that in 1938 humans had three stories to choose from, and by 1968 they had two, then in 1998 there seemed to be only one, liberalism, and from 2008 we are down to zero. So let us start with expanding on that idea and for those of us still attached to liberal democracy, what hope is there?  \nProfessor Yuval Noah Harari (YNH): There is still a lot of hope, that should be said from the beginning. We talk a lot about stories and maybe the first thing to say is that humans, homo sapiens, are story telling animals and think and talk about the world and our lives in terms of stories; very few people think about the world in terms of numbers, equations, or statistics. The basis for all human cooperation is belief in shared stories.  \nStories are extremely important, at least in my opinion, and when we look at the broad history of the last hundred years we see a shift from the situation where politics was a battleground between huge visions about the future of human kind; huge stories that claimed to explain everything that happened in the past, everything that is happening in the present and what will surely take place in the future.  \nYou had three such stories–the fascist story, the communist story, and the liberal story–and they got knocked out one after the other, until at the end of the century you had just one story standing, the liberal story. That caused a lot of people all over the world to think ‘okay, that’s it, that’s the end of history’. Not in the sense that nothing else will happen anymore, that time will stop, but in the sense that we know it all; we now perfectly understand the past; we understand where we are and we know we are heading towards a world of  \nRoyal United Services Instit","cbCaivjX9rH0jKvt","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivjX9rH0jKvt","pdf",184507,13,"English","# Setting and background\n# The “stories” framework\n## From liberalism to disorientation\n# Harari’s reflections on hope\n## Vacuum of stories and replacement narratives","[{\"question\":\"What does Harari mean by humans being “storytelling animals”?\",\"answer\":\"He argues that people interpret life through stories rather than numbers or equations, and that shared stories underpin human cooperation.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the discussion explain the decline of political “stories” over time?\",\"answer\":\"It outlines a shift from three competing stories in 1938 to only one by 1968 and then effectively zero by 2008, producing shock and disorientation.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is the “switch to zero stories” described as frightening?\",\"answer\":\"With no dominant explanation or vision for the future, people lose clarity about what is happening and what is likely to come next.\"}]","Yuval Noah Harari Discussion Transcript - RUSI, 13th November 2018 - Thinking about Liberal Democracy | PDF",1792703774,33]