[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-408974-105":59,"doc-detail-408974-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","yes-sex-and-gender-have-separate-identities","Yes, Sex and Gender Have Separate Identities!","","“Yes, Sex and Gender Have Separate Identities!” discusses how biological sex and socially constructed gender differ in origin, expression, and measurement. It contrasts the harm caused by equating sex with gender, using social and political contexts where research and terminology are restricted. The article explains that biology involves genetics, chromosomal structure, gonadal development, hormone patterns, and brain priming for sexual function, while gender expression is influenced by additional socialization and stress processes. It also addresses intersex and DSD conditions as evidence of biological non-binariness.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/yes-sex-and-gender-have-separate-identities/408974/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/yes-sex-and-gender-have-separate-identities/408974.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Finn","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why does the article argue that conflating biological sex and gender causes harm?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It states that mixing biology with socially and personally constructed gender pits biology against culture and nature against nurture, fueling conflicting movements that deny science while competing for dominance.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the article describe what biological sex is based on?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It emphasizes DNA and chromosomal structure, gonadal development, steroid hormone release, and sex-specific anatomy and physiology observed prenatally and at birth.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the article explain gender expression in contrast to sex?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It describes gender expression as relying not only on biological factors but also on family rearing, stress, and socialization processes, producing a fluid, culturally defined spectrum.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},408974,1790793721,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":19,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":52,"preview_page_count":4},34359740700684,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1f400023980c374ae676?_k=1777273430885731487","Archives of Sexual Behavior (2025) 54:3883–3886 [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-025-03164-9](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-025-03164-9)  \nYes, Sex and Gender Have Separate Identities!  \nJames G. Pfaus1,2 · Ellen Zakreski1,2 · Gonzalo R. Quintana3  \nReceived: 25 March 2025 / Revised: 5 April 2025 / Accepted: 8 April 2025 / Published online: 11 August 2025 © The Author(s) 2025  \nJoe Pyne: “So, Frank, you have long hair. Does that make you a woman?”  \nFrank Zappa: “So, Joe, you have a wooden leg. Does that make you a table?”  \n--Frank Zappa interviewed on the Joe Pyne Show, 1966 (Zappa & Occhiogrosso, 1989) .  \nWe have argued previously that the conflation of biological sex with socially (and personally) constructed gender has done a world of damage by pitting biology against culture and nature against nurture (with a biological and experience-dependent brain trying to make sense of the two) . This has resulted in conflicting social movements that deny science while trying to dominate one another (Quintana & Pfaus, 2024) . As a reaction to what the current conservative administration in the USA describes as a “liberal” social justice movement that was undermining the moral purity of the nation, the government dialed back nearly 60 years of true reform and legal protection for sex, gender, and other minorities. A similar imposition of conservative moral values around sex and gender has occurred in some European, African, and Asian nations with similar regime ideologies. Recently in the USA, ongoing funding for the scientific study of sex and gender has been abruptly and egregiously halted because such research “does not improve the quality of life for the American taxpayer.” Grant applications with newly forbidden terms like “sex,”“gender,”“woman,” and “female”(among a huge list) are being refused outright. This leaves sexual science in a profound quandary.  \nOn the one hand, we understand the desire of human beings to derive a singular, meta-cognitive appraisal of who  \n* James G. Pfaus [jim.pfaus@fhs.cuni.cz](jim.pfaus@fhs.cuni.cz)  \n1 Department of Psychology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, 18200 Prague, Czech Republic  \n2 Center for Sexual Health and Interventions, Czech National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic  \n3 Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile  \nthey are at any one point in time that binds all the different biological, social, and even political parts together into a congruent “whole.” Thus, we have concepts like “gender/sex”and “sexual configurations”(van Anders, 2015) that reflect this confluence, much like a particular hue of ink after it is dissolved in water. But on the other hand, conflating the parts gives rise to the false notion that they are both interchangeable, if not inseparable. Ink and water are still composed of separate molecules. The parts may have additive or multiplicative relationships in different people, with some parts changing while others stay stable in time. This makes it difficult, if not impossible, to scale them together as a singularity in any objective way. Nevertheless, it is simple for people to assume that genetic or chromosomal sex is normally congruent with gonadal structure, steroid hormone output, gamete production, secondary sex characteristics related to reproductive status, and sex differences in brain structure and function (e.g. , McCarthy et al. , 2012) that resemble a “mosaic” of more-or-less female and male phenotypes (e.g., Joel 2021) . The expression of gender relies on these factors along with  \nfamily rearing, stress, and socialization processes (Fig. 1) . Certainly, from a biologically deterministic perspective, sex serves reproduction, and sexual reproduction requires a merging of DNA carried by chromosomes within parental gametes of egg and sperm. Therefore, with few exceptions, more than 99% of humans, like other mammals, are born either female or male, wi","cbCaicuh86cqkcnP","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicuh86cqkcnP","pdf",610408,"English","# Introduction\n## Policy and research constraints\n# Conceptual framework\n## Appraisal of identity and the “whole”\n## The risk of interchangeability\n# Biological determinants of sex\n## Reproduction and developmental pathways\n## Hormones, brain, and sexual function\n# Sociological determinants of gender\n## Gender spectrum and socialization\n# Intersex and DSDs\n## Androgen insensitivity and congenital adrenal hyperplasia","[{\"question\":\"Why does the article argue that conflating biological sex and gender causes harm?\",\"answer\":\"It states that mixing biology with socially and personally constructed gender pits biology against culture and nature against nurture, fueling conflicting movements that deny science while competing for dominance.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the article describe what biological sex is based on?\",\"answer\":\"It emphasizes DNA and chromosomal structure, gonadal development, steroid hormone release, and sex-specific anatomy and physiology observed prenatally and at birth.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the article explain gender expression in contrast to sex?\",\"answer\":\"It describes gender expression as relying not only on biological factors but also on family rearing, stress, and socialization processes, producing a fluid, culturally defined spectrum.\"}]","Yes, Sex and Gender Have Separate Identities! | PDF",1790581046]