[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-46265-en":3,"doc-seo-46265-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},46265,13056703019662,"Evangeline","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/be000253a8e92610077?_k=1778726343310543188",8,"Research & Report","Wu Zhili, The Bacteriological War of 1952 is a False Alarm","Wu Zhili’s essay argues that claims of U.S.-conducted bacteriological warfare in Korea in 1952 were a “false alarm.” It describes how early reports of insects on snow—later identified as natural snow fleas—sparked nationwide antibacteriological mobilization. It recounts telegrams, specimen testing, widespread media coverage, and subsequent international condemnation, contrasting the wartime narrative with the natural origin of the observed phenomena.","Digital Archive  \nInternational History Declassified  \n[digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org](digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org)  \nSeptember, 1997  \nWu Zhili, 'The Bacteriological War of 1952 is a False  \nAlarm'  \nCitation:  \n“Wu Zhili , 'The Bacteriological War of 1952 is a False Alarm' ,” September , 1997 , History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive , Yanhuang chunqiu no. 11 (2013): 36-39. Translated by Drew Casey.  \n[https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/123080](https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/123080)  \nSummary:  \nWu Zhili's claims that bacteriological warfare allegedly conducted by the United States in Korea in 1952 was a \"false alarm.\"  \nOriginal Language:  \nChinese  \nContents:  \n English Translation  \n Chinese Transcription  \n([Yanhuang chunqiu] Editor’s Comment: This essay is the posthumous work of Comrade Wu Zhili , former director of the Chinese People’s Volunteer Army Health Division. With the exception of a few sentences and obvious typographical errors , this journal did not permit alterations in order to not influence the understanding of its contents.)  \nIt has already been 44 years (in 1997) since the armistice of the Korean War , but as for the worldwide sensation of 1952: how indisputable is the bacteriological war of the American imperialists?  \nThe case is one of false alarm.  \nThat year the Party Central Committee confirmed (at least at the beginning) that it believed that the U.S. Army was conducting bacteriological warfare. We mobilized the whole military and the whole nation , spending large amounts of manpower and materiel to carry out an antibacteriological warfare movement. At the same time , American imperialism was also notoriously reaching a low point. When the former commander of U.S. Forces in Korea , [ Matthew Bunker] Ridgeway , was transferred to Allied Headquarters Europe at the end of 1952 , crowds jeered him athis arrival to the airport , calling him “the god of pestilence”[1] and causing him embarrassment. Not until he swore by the name of God that the U.S. military did not undertake bacteriological warfare was he allowed to go.  \nThe affair originated with the appearance of large numbers of flies [2] and fleas on the snowy winter ground. It was later learned that these were snow fleas (in Korean called ‘oguli’) , not human fleas ,[3] and that they are a natural phenomenon on the snow in the winter. Snow fleas are of the order Springtail (Collembola) , genus Dark springtail (Isotomapalustris[4]) . I also had reports of snow fleas in Northeast China. At that time we thought flies and fleas could not be found on the snow , and given that foreign newspapers were reporting that Japanese bacteriological war criminal Ishii [Shiro] had come to the front lines in Korea to investigate suspicious deaths on the U.S. military side , the Central Committee determined that the U.S. military was conducting bacteriological warfare.  \nThe principal course of the affair was as follows: On January 29 , 1952 , the [Chinese People’s] Volunteer Army Health Division and Volunteer Army Headquarters received a telegram from the 42nd Army claiming that U.S. planes flew over Pyonggang county (where that army was encamped) on January 28 , 1952 , and on the snow-covered ground in the trenches many types of insects were discovered. Among them were fleas , flies ,[5] and spider-like insects. The 42 nd Army sent specimens of 23 fleas (snow fleas) , 33 flies ,[6] and spider-like insects. Our chemical testing lab conducted cultures and did not discover pathogenic bacteria. The head of the 42nd Army Health Division was Gao Liang , a very attentive and qualified health cadre who had been the head of education at the medical school when I was in the 3 rd Division. He must have been somewhat on alert about bacteriological warfare in order to send this telegram. The 42nd Army’s telegram was also sent to PVA Command , where it drew the a high degree of attention from Commander Peng Dehuai , was forwarde","cbCaijtihMwpnW9M","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijtihMwpnW9M","pdf",307382,4,1,11,"English","en",105,"# Summary\n## Background and false-alarm claim\n## Origin of the reports (flies and fleas on snow)\n## Timeline and mobilization\n## Media coverage and international reaction","[{\"question\":\"What does the essay claim about U.S. bacteriological warfare in 1952?\",\"answer\":\"The essay argues that the alleged bacteriological warfare conducted by the United States in Korea in 1952 was a “false alarm.”\"},{\"question\":\"What triggered the initial belief that bacteriological warfare was occurring?\",\"answer\":\"Large numbers of flies and fleas were reported on snowy winter ground, which were initially treated as evidence of enemy bacteriological activity.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the suspicious insects ultimately explained?\",\"answer\":\"They were identified as snow fleas (not human fleas) and as a natural winter phenomenon on snow, with supporting reports and 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