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Beauvoir’s account explains oppression through cultural mechanisms that confine women as Other to men, with womanhood imposed by civilization and sustained through patriarchal structures. The study shows how Atwood foregrounds identity loss, subordination, and women’s exploitation in a consumer society where the female body becomes an object, tool, and consumable item.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":15,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/womens-oppressed-and-disfigured-life-in-margaret-atwoods-the-handmaids-tale/589494/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/womens-oppressed-and-disfigured-life-in-margaret-atwoods-the-handmaids-tale/589494.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Terk","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Which feminist theories does the study apply to Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study applies theories of Simone de Beauvoir presented in The Second Sex (1949) to analyze sex and gender and the cultural mechanisms of women’s oppression.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the paper describe women’s status in Gilead society?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It describes women as deprived of individual freedom and controlled by male patriarchal members, with women categorized by age and fertility and forced into restrictive roles such as handmaids.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What themes does the paper say Atwood highlights in the novel?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It highlights loss of identity, subordination of women in a male-dominated society, and women’s exploitation, where women’s bodies are treated as objects, tools, and consumable items.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},589494,1792623937,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":14,"category_name":15,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":29,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":44},1099525198933,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Advances in Language and Literary Studies ISSN: 2203-4714  \nVol. 8 No. 1; February 2017  \n Australian International Academic Centre, Australia  \n|  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n|  |  |  |\n| Flourishing Creativity & Literacy |  |  |\n\nWomen’s Oppressed and Disfigured Life in Margaret Atwood’s  \nThe Handmaid’s Tale  \nBahman Zarrinjooee (Corresponding author)  \nDepartment of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Postgraduate Department of English Language and Literature, Boroujerd,  \nIslamic Azad University, Boroujerd Branch, Iran  \n[E-mail: bahmanzarrinjooee@yahoo.com](E-mail: bahmanzarrinjooee@yahoo.com)  \nShirin Kalantarian  \nE-mail: [shirin.kalantarian@gmail.com](shirin.kalantarian@gmail.com)  \nDoi:10 .7575/aiac.alls.v. 8n. 1p.66  \nURL: [http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.1p.66](http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.1p.66)  \nReceived: 22/09/2016  \nAccepted: 10/12/2016  \nAbstract  \nThe present study attempts to analyze Margaret Atwood’s (1939- ) The Handmaid’s Tale (1985) based on theories of feminist thinker, Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) and applies her theories presented in The Second Sex (1949) that leads to better apprehension of sex and gender. Beauvoir’s ideology focuses mainly on the cultural mechanisms of oppression which cause to confine women under the title of Other to man’s self. In her view woman cannot be a simple biological category, and she asserts that womanhood is imposed on woman by civilization. In her idea, the fundamental social meaning of woman is Other. She believes that biology is the main source for woman’s oppression within patriarchal society, and challenges the discourse through which women are defined based on her biology. She also believes that sexuality is another aspect of women’s oppression and exploitation and all functions of women. In Beauvoir’s view, prostitution and heterosexuality are exploitation of woman. She rejects the heterosexuality as the norm for sexual relations. This paper tries to show how Atwood in The Handmaid’s Tale speculates feminist issues such as loss of identity, subordination of woman in a male dominated society and women’s exploitation in consumer society where woman’s body is treated as an object, a tool and consumable item. Atwood focuses on the problems such as gender inequality, and pitfalls of patriarchal system for women’s oppression.  \nKeywords: Biology, Oppression, Other, Patriarchy, Sex and Gender, Sexuality  \n1. Introduction  \nMargaret Atwood is one of the most brilliant writers in contemporary Canadian literature. She has actively participated in Canadian politics and its feminist movement. Her works are mostly related to social and political issues. She considers the relation between men and women and human basic rights. The issue of gender is the author’s major concern. She portrays the women in her novels that always search for their identity which is lost in the patriarchal societies. Oppression is another theme for her novels and it can be seen evidently in her writings. She challenges the inferior status of women in society. Atwood’s representations of gender, reveals the exploitation and oppression of women, particularly women’s body. She portrays the suffering of her female characters confined in their feminine roles in her novels. Moreover, gender is the main concern for examining The Handmaid’s Tale. In Gilead society, women are deprived of their individual freedom and ordered to serve the state in different ways and functions.  \nIn Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale, women are totally under the control of male members of the patriarchal society; she describes a patriarchal society and reflects the political ideology in America of that time. Patriarchal rules and dominance of husbands or fathers in the family are shown clearly, women are considered as a means of production, and under the control men. In The Handmaid’s Tale, women are transformed to the traditional passive roles in the society. Atwood is concerned about women’s situation ","cbCaikCD2yOaN0bn","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikCD2yOaN0bn","pdf",179027,"English","# Introduction\n## Women’s oppression and Otherness in patriarchal society\n# Materials and Methods\n## Beauvoir’s theories and dystopian context","[{\"question\":\"Which feminist theories does the study apply to Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale?\",\"answer\":\"The study applies theories of Simone de Beauvoir presented in The Second Sex (1949) to analyze sex and gender and the cultural mechanisms of women’s oppression.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper describe women’s status in Gilead society?\",\"answer\":\"It describes women as deprived of individual freedom and controlled by male patriarchal members, with women categorized by age and fertility and forced into restrictive roles such as handmaids.\"},{\"question\":\"What themes does the paper say Atwood highlights in the novel?\",\"answer\":\"It highlights loss of identity, subordination of women in a male-dominated society, and women’s exploitation, where women’s bodies are treated as objects, tools, and consumable items.\"}]","Women’s Oppressed and Disfigured Life in Margaret Atwood’s - The Handmaid’s Tale | PDF",1792067469]