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Using a mixed-methods design, the study identifies barriers affecting female advancement and growth by combining a 29-item Likert-scale survey and follow-up interviews. Findings inform higher education institutions and professional organizations about recruitment, equity, and sustained leadership development.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/womens-journey-to-the-school-superintendency/590540/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/womens-journey-to-the-school-superintendency/590540.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Stanley","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why does the study focus on female superintendents?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study is driven by the gap between the high percentage of female public school teachers and the much lower percentage of female school superintendents, alongside evidence that parity is not expected for decades.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was the research conducted?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It used a mixed-methods approach: a 29-item Likert-scale survey with 26 respondents, followed by a three-part interview series involving four successful current and former female superintendents.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What barriers does the study aim to identify?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The study identifies barriers that contribute to the underrepresentation of female superintendents and the lack of growth in their numbers over time.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},590540,1792190180,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},2336477405376,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Women’s Journey to the School Superintendency  \nPeggy H. Connell  \nF. Jane Cobia  \nPat H. Hodge  \nSamford University  \nEighty percent of public school teachers are females, but only 24% of school superintendents are females. This upward trend from a low of 1.3% in the early 1970s has not mirrored the increase of females in executive level positions in other professions. A mixed-methods design identified the barriers that contribute to the underrepresentation and lack of growth of female superintendents. Participants in the study included active and retired female superintendents from a single Southern state. The quantitative phase consisted of a 29-item Likert-scale survey with 26 respondents. Qualitative follow-up included a three-part interview series design with four successful current and former female superintendents. The results have implications for institutions of higher education and professional organizations.  \nKeywords: female administrators, gender bias, minority recruitment, female superintendents, women under-representation  \nIntroduction  \nA recently released national study stated the percentage of female superintendents increased nearly four times since 1992 (Kowalski, McCord, Peterson, Young, & Ellerson, 2010) . The study by the American Association of School Administrators is one of several reports conducted every few years beginning in the 1920s. The most recent outcomes found that from a survey of approximately 2,000 superintendents in the United States, 24% were women, an increase from 14% in 2000 (Kowalski et al., 2010) . However, based on national trends for the current rate of change, female superintendents will not attain parity with male superintendents for three or more decades. Gender disparity in the role of the superintendency commands attention since females constitute the vast majority of the public education work force. In 2000, although 72% of all classroom teachers were female, only 14% of all superintendents in the U.S. were female (Hansen, 2011) .  \nAccording to the archives of the Alabama Association of School Superintendents (E. Mackey, personal communication, October 30, 2012), Alabama appointed the first female superintendent in 1916 ; however, the job of superintendency remained dominated by males until the 1980s. The percentage of females in the Alabama superintendency fluctuated from 12% to 16% during the 1980s and 1990s and reached a high of 19% in 2010 (E. Mackey, personal communication, October 30, 2012) . As changes occurred in proportionate numbers of males and females in states across the nation, Alabama’s numbers remained below the national average. The disparity between the number of female superintendents in Alabama and the average number of female superintendents across the nation indicate obstacles for females with ambitions to lead school districts atthe superintendent’s level. Therefore, this study focused on female superintendents in Alabama.  \nFemale Employment Status and Trends  \nA snapshot of the employment trends of females in administrative positions enhances the understanding of the barriers that females have overcome and identifies areas where work remains. Tallerico and Blount (2004) focused on the complexities associated with female inroads into historically male work and examined the proportional changes and patterns. Previous research of the advances of women in male-dominated work roles indicated two major factors as causes of gains. According to Matthaei (1982), the causes of the gains included a significant increase in job vacancies and/or the deterioration of the working conditions or rewards of a job. An increase in job vacancies normally resulted from occupational growth, turnovers, incumbent exits, wars, and/or major technological changes. A decrease in the working conditions or rewards of a job led males to lose interest in the job, which, increased job vacancies for females (Matthaei, 1982; Patterson & Engleberg, 1978) .  \nLuxenberg (1985) and Lesli","cbCaidA4pwq8rx8D","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidA4pwq8rx8D","pdf",617450,27,"English","# Introduction\n## Female Employment Status and Trends","[{\"question\":\"Why does the study focus on female superintendents?\",\"answer\":\"The study is driven by the gap between the high percentage of female public school teachers and the much lower percentage of female school superintendents, alongside evidence that parity is not expected for decades.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the research conducted?\",\"answer\":\"It used a mixed-methods approach: a 29-item Likert-scale survey with 26 respondents, followed by a three-part interview series involving four successful current and former female superintendents.\"},{\"question\":\"What barriers does the study aim to identify?\",\"answer\":\"The study identifies barriers that contribute to the underrepresentation of female superintendents and the lack of growth in their numbers over time.\"}]","Women’s Journey to the School Superintendency | PDF",1792069848,68]