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A content analysis was conducted on 43 ProQuest dissertations from 2014 to 2016, identifying nine major themes including gender inequity, barriers, leadership styles, support systems, and discrimination by school boards. Additional findings clustered recurring themes around cultural and societal expectations, the glass ceiling, racial discrimination, age, and search procedures, while fewer themes were treated as minor. The synthesis highlights concerns and encourages solution-oriented directions.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/women-superintendent-research-2014-2016-dissertation-literature-review-content-analysis/592754/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/women-superintendent-research-2014-2016-dissertation-literature-review-content-analysis/592754.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Mimi","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-05","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What dataset and time range were used in the study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study used 43 U.S. dissertations about women superintendents located in the ProQuest database from 2014 to 2016.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were the dissertations analyzed?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Researchers used content analysis, including manifest content analysis and later a qualitative summative latent content analysis to examine themes beyond word frequency.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What major themes were identified in the literature reviews?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Nine major themes were found, including low numbers of women superintendents, gender inequity, history of women superintendents, support systems, career pathways, characteristics, leadership styles, barriers, and school board discrimination.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},592754,1792230243,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},2336477974920,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Women Superintendent Research: 2014-2016 Dissertation Literature Review Content Analysis  \nBy Gloria Gresham􀀍 & Pauline Sampson†  \nIn the United States (U.S.), women are drastically underrepresented in the role of school superintendent. Women who seek the job face overwhelming barriers and exhibit characteristics different from men causing challenges in obtaining the superintendency. In this study, a content analysis was conducted of the 43 U.S. dissertations relating to women superintendents located in the ProQuest database for the years of 2014 – 2016. Nine major themes mentioned in a range of 20 to 36 dissertations or (47% to 84%) were discovered: low numbers of women superintendents, gender inequity, history of women superintendents, support systems, career pathways, characteristics of women superintendents, leadership styles, barriers, and school board discrimination. Common themes voiced in 10 to 19 dissertations (23% to 40%) were clustered into the categories of cultural and societal expectations, the glass ceiling, racial discrimination, age, and search procedures. Thirty-five themes were included one to nine times in dissertations (2% to 21%) and considered by the researchers as minor. Displaying issues related to women superintendents highlights concerns and encourages solutions.  \nKeywords: dissertations, gender, leadership, superintendents, women.  \nIntroduction  \nThe term superintendent refers to the chief executive officer or leader of a school system. Historically and currently, in the U.S., most school superintendents are male. The numbers of women superintendents in the U.S. are low but showing growth with about 13 percent documented by Glass in 2000, 22% in 2006 illustrated by Glass and Franceschini (2007), and 24.1% as noted in a 2011 study completed by Kowalski, McCord, Petersen, Young, and Ellerson. It stands to reason since numbers of women superintendents are so low, research in this area is vast and a topic of many current dissertations. One assumes candidates seeking doctorates are emerging researchers providing the field with reviews of current literature and are focusing on gaps noted in the literature.  \nOne methodology encouraging in-depth review of dissertations is content analysis. The methodology, content analysis, was chosen since it was a close analysis of the presence of words and/or concepts within a set of texts. Content analysis is a quantitative or qualitative methodology depending on its use. Through a content analysis of contemporary dissertations, it is expected literature available about women superintendents is prevalent since the numbers of women superintendents are lagging. Content analysis of dissertations should reveal much about the current state of research related to women superintendents.  \n􀀍Professor, Stephen F. Austin State University, USA.  \n†Associate Professor, Stephen F. Austin State University, USA.  \n[https://doi.org/10.30958/aje.6-4-1](https://doi.org/10.30958/aje.6-4-1) doi=10.30958/aje.6-4-1  \nBeginning in 2016, Gresham and Sampson implemented close study employing content analysis of 2014 – 2016 U.S. dissertations located in ProQuest, and the researchers completed three distinct studies with this data. In the first study, quantitative content analysis was employed. The researchers focused on who were publishing about women superintendents as indicated in dissertation reference lists, what types of publications were the authors using to disseminate research as revealed in reference lists, and what were the major themes (concepts) displayed in the literature review headings of dissertations. The summative content analysis approach was employed and only manifest content analysis (a type of summative content analysis) was used as the researchers identified and quantified certain words or content in the dissertations (Hsieh & Shannon, 2005). A second study continued the implementation of manifest content analysis as researchers reviewed all current (last five years) pe","cbCaidQCrQXehqFz","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidQCrQXehqFz","pdf",588374,14,"English","# Introduction\n## Methodology\n## Purpose and Research Question\n## Literature Review","[{\"question\":\"What dataset and time range were used in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study used 43 U.S. dissertations about women superintendents located in the ProQuest database from 2014 to 2016.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the dissertations analyzed?\",\"answer\":\"Researchers used content analysis, including manifest content analysis and later a qualitative summative latent content analysis to examine themes beyond word frequency.\"},{\"question\":\"What major themes were identified in the literature reviews?\",\"answer\":\"Nine major themes were found, including low numbers of women superintendents, gender inequity, history of women superintendents, support systems, career pathways, characteristics, leadership styles, barriers, and school board discrimination.\"}]","Women Superintendent Research - 2014-2016 Dissertation Literature Review Content Analysis | PDF",1792075400,35]