[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-151276-en":3,"doc-seo-151276-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},151276,549768702563,"Fahsai","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000c4aa63b76e948b?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786536092046926083",7,"Healthcare","Women of Color and the Struggle for Reproductive Justice - Issue Brief","Women of Color and the Struggle for Reproductive Justice addresses how law and policy shape inequitable reproductive outcomes through an intersectional lens. It explains that ongoing institutionalized racism restricts access to adequate healthcare, increases reproductive health problems, and disproportionately affects low-income communities. The brief highlights disparities across pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy risk, maternal and infant mortality, chronic stress, HIV exposure, and abortion rates, linking them to reproductive control and oppression across U.S. history.","Women of Color and the Struggle for Reproductive Justice  \nIF/WHEN/HOW ISSUE BRIEF  \n2 WOMEN OF COLOR AND THE STRUGGLE FOR REPRODUCTIVE JUSTICE / IF /WHEN /HOW ISSUE BRIEF  \nContents INTRODUCTION 3  \nAFRICAN-AMERICAN 3  \nNATIVE AMERICAN AND ALASKA NATIVE (INDIGENOUS) 5  \nASIAN-AMERICAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER (API) 5  \nLATIN@ (HISPANIC) 6  \nINTRODUCTION  \nIf/When/How recognizes that most law school courses are not applying an intersectional, reproductive justice lens to complex issues. To address this gap, our issue briefs and primers are designed to illustrate how law and policies disparately impact individuals and communities. If/When/How is committed to transforming legal education by providing students, instructors, and practitioners with the tools and support they need to utilize an intersectional approach.  \nIf/When/How, formerly Law Students for Reproductive Justice, trains, networks, and mobilizes law students and legal professionals to work within and beyond the legal system to champion reproductive justice. We work in partnership with local organizations and national movements to ensure all people have the ability to decide if, when, and how to create and sustain a family.  \nAFRICAN-AMERICAN  \nDue to continuing institutionalized racism and a history of reproductive oppression,1 many African-Americans today have limited access to adequate reproductive healthcare, higher rates of reproductive health issues, and are disproportionately impacted by restrictions on family health services.2 Low-income people are especially likely to lack control over their reproductive choices, and in 2011, 25.9% of African-Americans lived at or below the poverty level, compared to 10.6% of non-Hispanic white people.3  \nPregnancy:  \n• 67% of African-Americans’ pregnancies are unintended, compared to 40% for non-Hispanic, white people.4  \n• Ectopic pregnancy rates in African-Americans have declined more slowly than the national rate. African Americans have three times the risk of death from ectopic pregnancies over non-Hispanic white people.5  \n• African-Americans also face higher rates of uterine fibroids and hysterectomies.6  \nMaternal Mortality:  \n• Maternal mortality rates are over three times higher among African-Americans, at 21.5%, compared to non-Hispanic white people at 6.7% and 9.2% of other races. The rate of infant mortality in the African-American community is more than twice the national rate.7  \nInfant Mortality:  \n• Preterm delivery and low birth weight are the leading reasons that the U.S. claims one of the worst infant survival rates in the industrialized world, falling behind dozens of other countries. 8 Infant mortality among whites with a college degree or higher is about four deaths per 1,000 births.9 But among African-Americans with the same level of education, infant mortality is about 10 per 1,000 births.10 African-American mothers with a college degree have worse birth outcomes than white mothers without a high school education.11 This disparity cannot be adequately explained by factors such as genetics,12 smoking during pregnancy, and receipt of prenatal care. 13  \n• The most significant contributor to health inequalities for women of color is excess costs.14  \nChronic Stress:  \n• Studies have suggested that the reproductive health of African-Americans is negatively impacted by chronic stress and a lack of social support.15 An understanding of systemic racism suggests that remedies must include critical self-examination by healthcare professionals and social institutions, and involve community building, urban renewal, and a greater recognition of racism as a public health issue.16  \nSexually Transmitted Infections (STIs):  \n• African Americans are the group most affected by HIV.17  \n• An estimated 64% of U.S. women with HIV in 2010 were African-American,18 compared to 18% non-Hispanic white women.19  \nAbortion:  \n• African-Americans have the highest abortion rate in the U.S., accounting for about 30% of abortions, whe","cbCaibh4PqrIOnUk","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibh4PqrIOnUk","pdf",342158,2,1,10,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## African-American\n## Native American and Alaska Native (Indigenous)\n## Asian-American and Pacific Islander (API)\n## Latin@ (Hispanic)","[{\"question\":\"Why does If/When/How focus on reproductive justice in law school education?\",\"answer\":\"Most law school courses do not apply an intersectional reproductive justice lens to complex issues. If/When/How’s issue briefs and primers are designed to show how law and policy disparately impact individuals and communities.\"},{\"question\":\"What key reproductive health disparities affect African-American communities?\",\"answer\":\"The brief highlights higher rates of unintended pregnancy, slower declines in ectopic pregnancy mortality risk, elevated uterine fibroids and hysterectomies, and markedly higher maternal mortality. It also notes worse infant mortality outcomes linked to education and broader structural factors.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the history of reproductive control connect to today’s policies and outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"The document describes coercive government actions that compelled or punished childbearing, from slavery-era procreative exploitation to later discriminatory welfare policies, targeted abortion restrictions, and criminal prosecutions. It also cites examples like eugenics and federally funded coercive sterilization programs.\"}]","Women of Color and the Struggle for Reproductive Justice - Issue Brief | PDF",1787836045,25,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":29},"women-of-color-and-the-struggle-for-reproductive-justice-issue-brief","",{"@graph":37,"@context":86},[38,54,69],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,48,51],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/women-of-color-and-the-struggle-for-reproductive-justice-issue-brief/151276/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":42,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-05","2026-08-27",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"Why does If/When/How focus on reproductive justice in law school education?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"Most law school courses do not apply an intersectional reproductive justice lens to complex issues. If/When/How’s issue briefs and primers are designed to show how law and policy disparately impact individuals and communities.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"What key reproductive health disparities affect African-American communities?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"The brief highlights higher rates of unintended pregnancy, slower declines in ectopic pregnancy mortality risk, elevated uterine fibroids and hysterectomies, and markedly higher maternal mortality. It also notes worse infant mortality outcomes linked to education and broader structural factors.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"How does the history of reproductive control connect to today’s policies and outcomes?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"The document describes coercive government actions that compelled or punished childbearing, from slavery-era procreative exploitation to later discriminatory welfare policies, targeted abortion restrictions, and criminal prosecutions. 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