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Drawing on behavioral and cognitive research, the essay highlights fairness and trust in animal play, including empathy and cooperation. It scrutinizes an ultimatum-game study with chimpanzees and raisins, debates claims about chimpanzee fairness, and argues that conclusions from limited, captive experiments should be treated cautiously while considering broader evolutionary fairness.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":15,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/wild-justice-honor-and-fairness-among-beasts-at-play/591493/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/wild-justice-honor-and-fairness-among-beasts-at-play/591493.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"supergirl","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What central question does the essay raise about animals and morality?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It challenges whether animals can show emotions and moral intelligence similar to human emotions, especially through behaviors seen during play.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the ultimatum game study described in the text evaluate fairness?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Chimpanzees were asked to divide raisins between two partners, and unlike typical human results, they accepted offers even when they seemed unfair.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why do the authors caution against concluding that chimpanzees lack a sense of fairness?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"They argue the available studies involve few animals, short timeframes, and captive conditions that may confound how fairness behaviors appear in real social settings.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},591493,1792695866,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":14,"category_name":15,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962088121634,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Wild Justice  \nHonor and Fairness among Beasts at Play  \n•  \nMarc Bekoff and Jessica Pierce  \nThis essay challenges science’s traditional taboo against anthropomorphizing animals or considering their behavior as indicative of feelings similar to human emotions. In their new book Wild Justice: The Moral Lives of Animals, the authors argue that anthropomorphism is alive and well, as it should be. Here they describe some activities of animals, particularly animals at play, as clear signs that they have recognizable emotions and moral intelligence. Based on years of behavioral and cognitive research, the authors discuss in their book that animals exhibit a broad repertoire of moral behaviors, including empathy and cooperation, but here they concentrate on the fairness and trust so essential to any kind of play, animal or human. They contend that underneath this behavior lays a complex range of emotions, backed by a high degree of intelligence and surprising behavioral flexibility. Animals, they find, are incredibly adept social beings. They rely on rules of conduct in their play, just as do humans, which in turn, helps prepare animals for dealing with the intricate social networks that are essential to their survival. The authors conclude that there is no moral gap between humans and other species. As the play of animals helps to make clear, morality is an evolved trait humans unquestionably share with other social mammals.  \n“A Sense of Fair Play Is Only Human, Researchers Find.”1 This headline appeared in the Los Angeles Times as we were first writing this work. The study the Times article discussed had recently been published in the prestigious journal Science and had attracted a lot of attention. Keith Jensen and his colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, devised what they called an “ultimatum game,” a favorite tool of economists who study decision making. This sort of game involves two players, one of whom is given a small amount of money and is asked to divide it between the two however he or she sees fit. The partner knows how much  \nExcerpted from Wild Justice: The Moral Lives of Animals, published by the University of Chicago Press. © 2009 by the University of Chicago. All rights reserved.  \n© 2009 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois  \nmoney is being divided. If he or she receives too low an offer, one that seems unfair, the recipient may reject it, which results in neither player receiving any money at all.  \nJensen’s study was unique because the players were chimpanzees and the currency was raisins. Jensen and his team found that the chimpanzees did not play the game the way humans typically do. In studies of human behavior, offers of less than 20 percent of the money are almost always rejected. In contrast, the chimpanzees accepted any offer from their partners and did not get upset when the chimpanzees offering the raisins kept most for themselves.  \nIn the summary of their research, the authors note,“These results support the hypothesis that other-regarding preferences and aversion to inequitable outcomes, which play key roles in human social organization, distinguish us from our closest living relatives.” They concluded, in other words, that chimpanzees are not sensitive to fairness. Ironically, however, the behavior of these chimpanzees is considered more rational in pure economic-game-theory terms.2 The Los Angeles Times article quoted the study’s lead author Keith Jensen as concluding that the chimps behaved more rationally than people because, he said,“it makes perfect economic sense to accept any nonzero offer and to offer the smallest amount possible while keeping the most for yourself.”3  \nJustice Is Not Some Bone-in-the-Sky Ideal  \nJensen’s research on resource sharing is fascinating, and it offers a glimpse into what may turn out to be some very interesting differences in how human fairness behaviors differ from the fairness behaviors of ","cbCainbLChUiTzWh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainbLChUiTzWh","pdf",205372,25,"English","# Honor and Fairness among Beasts at Play\n## Justice Is Not Some Bone-in-the-Sky Ideal\n## Justice in Animals Other Than Primates","[{\"question\":\"What central question does the essay raise about animals and morality?\",\"answer\":\"It challenges whether animals can show emotions and moral intelligence similar to human emotions, especially through behaviors seen during play.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the ultimatum game study described in the text evaluate fairness?\",\"answer\":\"Chimpanzees were asked to divide raisins between two partners, and unlike typical human results, they accepted offers even when they seemed unfair.\"},{\"question\":\"Why do the authors caution against concluding that chimpanzees lack a sense of fairness?\",\"answer\":\"They argue the available studies involve few animals, short timeframes, and captive conditions that may confound how fairness behaviors appear in real social settings.\"}]","Wild Justice - Honor and Fairness among Beasts at Play | PDF",1792072599,39]