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Opposition movements have emerged in multiple countries, particularly where high-stakes accountability dominates, yet soft accountability settings remain less analyzed. The article studies the opt-out movement in Catalonia as an anti-standardization movement within a low-stakes system. Case study evidence triangulates interviews, stakeholder accounts, and document and press analysis to explain emergence, opportunities, frames, and collective action repertoires.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/why-do-opt-out-movements-succeed-or-fail-in-low-stakes-accountability-systems-a-case-study-of-the-network-of-dissident-schools-in-catalonia-602127/602127/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/why-do-opt-out-movements-succeed-or-fail-in-low-stakes-accountability-systems-a-case-study-of-the-network-of-dissident-schools-in-catalonia-602127/602127.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"acoobca","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the article study about Catalonia’s education policy opt-out movement?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It examines the opt-out movement in Catalonia as an anti-standardization movement operating within a soft/low-stakes accountability system.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the article investigate the movement’s emergence and outcomes?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It uses a case study approach with triangulation of semi-structured interviews with activists, key stakeholders, and analysis of documents and press materials.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What does the article conclude about accountability instruments in low-stakes systems?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Accountability instruments can develop a “life of their own” beyond their policy design, creating risks and adverse effects similar to those reported under high-stakes systems.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},602127,1792116903,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985747870733,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","SPECIAL ISSUE  \nAnti-Standardization and Testing Opt-Out Movements in Education: Resistance, Disputes and Transformation  \neducation policy analysis archives  \nA peer-reviewed, independent, open access, multilingual journal  \nArizona State University  \n\n| Volume 30 Number 133 | September 6 , 2022 | ISSN 1068-2341 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n\nWhy Do Opt-Out Movements Succeed (or Fail) in LowStakes Accountability Systems? A Case Study of the Network  \nof Dissident Schools in Catalonia1  \nLluís Parcerisa  \nUniversity of Barcelona  \nMarcel Pagès  \nUniversity of Girona  \nAndreu Termes  \nBarcelona Institute of Regional and Metropolitan Studies (IERMB)  \n&  \nJordi Collet-Sabé  \nUniversity of Vic-UCC  \nCitation: Parcerisa, L., Pagès, M., Termes, A., & Collet-Sabé, J. (2022). Why do opt-out movements succeed (or fail) in low-stakes accountability systems? A case study of the Network of Dissident Schools in Catalonia. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 30 (133) . [https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.30.6330](https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.30.6330) This article is part of the special issue Testing Opt-out Movements: Resistance, Disputes and Transformation, guest edited by Javier Campos-Martínez, Alejandra Falabella, Jessica Holloway and Diego Santori.  \n1 This is an unofficial translation provided by the authors, and it was not peer-reviewed in English.  \nAbstract: External and standardized assessments based on student results are a contested education policy among school actors. Movements of opposition have emerged in different countries, especially in those contexts with high-stakes accountability systems. However, this phenomenon has not been analyzed in soft accountability systems. The objective of this article is to study the opt-out movement in Catalonia, understood as an anti-standardization movement in a system of soft accountability. In order to do so, we adopt the case study approach as a methodological strategy, based on the triangulation of semi-structured interviews with activists (n = 14), key stakeholders (n = 3), and document and press analysis (n = 25) . The results shed light on the emergence and nature of the movement, its opportunity structures, the discursive frames and the repertoires of collective action. Our results show how accountability instruments have a ‘life of their own’ beyond their policy design. In this sense, the opt-out movement in Catalonia identifies potential risks and adverse effects similar to those reported in high-stakes systems, developing a repertoire of collective action and discursive frames similar to other emerging anti-standardization movements in high-stakes contexts.  \nKeywords: opt-out movement; low-stakes accountability; standardized tests; social movements; education policy  \n¿Por qué tienen éxito (o fracasan) los movimientos opt-out en sistemas de rendición de cuentas con bajas consecuencias? Un estudio de caso de la Red de Escuelas Insumisas en Cataluña  \nResumen: La evaluación externa de las escuelas basada en los resultados de los estudiantes es unapolítica controvertida entre la comunidad educativa. En diferentes países han surgido movimientos de oposición a las pruebas estandarizadas, especialmente en aquellos contextos con sistemas de highstakes accountability. Sin embargo, este fenómeno no se ha estudiado en sistemas de soft accountability. Este artículo analiza las razones que explican la emergencia y el éxito (o no) del movimiento de“escuelas insumisas” en Cataluña, entendido como un movimiento anti-estandarización en un sistema de soft accountability. Para ello, adoptamos el estudio de caso como estrategia metodológica, apartir de la triangulación de entrevistas semiestructuradas con activistas (n=14), actores clave (n=3), y análisis de prensa y documentos (n = 25) . Los resultados arrojan luz sobre la emergencia ynaturaleza del movimiento, su estructura de oportunidades, los marcos discursivos y los repertorios de acción colectiva. Nuestros resultados muestran cómo los instrumentos d","cbCailqVz9D1KBBu","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailqVz9D1KBBu","pdf",404563,23,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# Why Do Opt-Out Movements Succeed (or Fail) in Low-Stakes Accountability Systems?\n## Case Study of the Network of Dissident Schools in Catalonia","[{\"question\":\"What does the article study about Catalonia’s education policy opt-out movement?\",\"answer\":\"It examines the opt-out movement in Catalonia as an anti-standardization movement operating within a soft/low-stakes accountability system.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the article investigate the movement’s emergence and outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"It uses a case study approach with triangulation of semi-structured interviews with activists, key stakeholders, and analysis of documents and press materials.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the article conclude about accountability instruments in low-stakes systems?\",\"answer\":\"Accountability instruments can develop a “life of their own” beyond their policy design, creating risks and adverse effects similar to those reported under high-stakes systems.\"}]","Why Do Opt-Out Movements Succeed (or Fail) in Low-Stakes Accountability Systems? - A Case Study of the Network of Dissident Schools in Catalonia | PDF",1792094078,58]