[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-324174-105":59,"doc-detail-324174-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","why-are-we-losing-manufacturing-jobs","Why Are We Losing Manufacturing Jobs?","","Explains the long-term decline in manufacturing employment in the United States and other advanced economies, arguing that the key driver is labor-saving technological progress rather than globalization or tax and policy differences. Shows that manufacturing’s share of employment has fallen steadily for decades while productivity rises. Presents evidence across states and countries linking higher real wages with lower manufacturing employment shares and frames the future prosperity as rooted in innovation within a service-oriented economy.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/why-are-we-losing-manufacturing-jobs/324174/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/why-are-we-losing-manufacturing-jobs/324174.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Miles","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the document identify as the primary reason for losing manufacturing jobs?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It points to labor-saving technological progress as the main cause of declining manufacturing employment shares in advanced economies.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the text treat globalization and state policy differences?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It says globalization and state policies account for only a tiny portion of the change compared with technology-driven progress.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What evidence does the document use to support its argument?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It describes figures and a table showing long-term falls in manufacturing employment shares across the United States and other advanced economies, and a relationship between higher real wages and lower manufacturing employment shares by state from 1960 to 2002.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},324174,1790134973,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":24,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},13056703019404,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","by Eric O'N.Fisher  \nRapi tchobaical poresi marufacturing has led to higher wages andrising standards of living for over twocenturies,but in the last 50 years it hasalso reduced the need for manufacturinglabor.The primary source of Americanprosperity is no longer manufacturing;ours is now an increasingly service-oriented economy in which innovationsin high-tech sectors and other profes-siona services are the most importantsources of future prosperity.  \nThe United States has the highest long-term underlying rate of economicgrowth in the world.A conservative esti-mate is that the standard ofliving of theaverage American doubles every 30years.But an economy undergoing rapidtechnological progress is one in whichsome sectors are booming and others aresenescent.For example,water transportwas a primary source of prosperity forOhio for several generations after theopening of the Erie Canal.The advent ofa national network of railroads at the endof the nineteenth century signaled theend of a way oflife for many whoselivelihood depended upon inland watertransportation.But there can be nodoubt that knitting together a nationalmarket—first by rail and then by road一gave a tremendous boost to the eco-nomic growth that our country enjoyedin the last century.  \nWe are now at a similar crossroads ineconomic history.Manufacturing—thetransformation of tangible substances intomore refinedcommodities-is no longera primary source of prosperity.The per-centage ofpeople employed in manufac-turing in the Unted States has declinedsteadily since the 1960s,from 25 percent  \n# Why Are We Losing Manufacturing Jobs?\n\nthen to less than 12.5 percent today.Andthe United States is not the only countryto have experienced a relative decline inmanufacturing employment;the sametrend has been part of the economic his-tory of almost every advanced economyin the last two generations  \nThe declining need for workers in a sectorthat has traditionally provided good jobshas naturally generated concem and callsfor appropriate public policy.Blame forthe decline is most often placed on“glob-alization”in general,or the outsourcingofjobs to other countries in particular.Some see the shifting of jobs from onestate to another and conclude that varia-tion in economic policies(for example,taxes)is the problem.Deal with theseissues,people imagine,and we will beable to preserve manufacturing jobs.  \nBut factors such as globalization andstate policies account for only the tiniestportion of the change.A clue to the truesource of the shift in manufacturingemployment is the fact that all developedcountries are witnessing the same trend.What that trend tells us is that the pri-mary cause of the decline in manufactur-ing employment in advanced economiesis the inexorable march of technologicalprogress.  \n## ■ The New Face of\n\nManufacturing EmploymentFigure I and table I illustrate the majorfeatures of the employment trend we arediscussing.Figure I demonstratesclearly that the relative share of manu-facturing employment has fallen steadilyand substantially in our country for atleast 50 years.Table I shows that thedecline in the share of workers in manu-facturing is occurring in all majoradvanced economies.The table also  \nJuly 2004  \nIn the last 50 years,the share ofemployment in manufacturing hasdeclined in the United States.Themain reason for this phenomenon islabor-saving technological progressVariation among state tax polices andinternational economic conditionshave played only minor roles.Thesource of future prosperity will betechnological advances in a service-oriented economy.  \nshows that some of the countries thathave experienced the most rapidincreases in their standards ofliving inthe last two decades are those whoseshares of employment in manufacturinghave dropped most substantially.Thereis even some preliminary evidence thatthis is true for the less developed coun-tries in the last few years(\"Constraintsto Achieving Full Employment in Asia,\"by Dipak Mazumdar,InternationalLabor ","cbCailaGkRtT6km8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailaGkRtT6km8","pdf",1030244,"English","# Why Are We Losing Manufacturing Jobs?\n## The New Face of Manufacturing Employment\n## Labor-Saving Technological Progress and Employment Shifts\n## Evidence from Employment Shares, Wages, and Productivity","[{\"question\":\"What does the document identify as the primary reason for losing manufacturing jobs?\",\"answer\":\"It points to labor-saving technological progress as the main cause of declining manufacturing employment shares in advanced economies.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the text treat globalization and state policy differences?\",\"answer\":\"It says globalization and state policies account for only a tiny portion of the change compared with technology-driven progress.\"},{\"question\":\"What evidence does the document use to support its argument?\",\"answer\":\"It describes figures and a table showing long-term falls in manufacturing employment shares across the United States and other advanced economies, and a relationship between higher real wages and lower manufacturing employment shares by state from 1960 to 2002.\"}]","Why Are We Losing Manufacturing Jobs? | PDF",1789967237,13]