[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-657750-105":59,"doc-detail-657750-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","why-and-how-atoms-combine-lewis-diagrams-and-the-octet-rule-ionic-and-covalent-bonding","Why and how atoms combine - Lewis diagrams and the Octet Rule - Ionic and covalent bonding","","Atoms combine through valence electrons in the outer shell, which can be represented using Lewis diagrams. The document explains how to draw Lewis diagrams for elements and how valence electrons relate to group numbers, including exceptions such as helium. It then introduces the octet rule, ion formation by gaining or losing electrons to reach noble-gas configurations, and compares ionic versus covalent bonding, emphasizing electron transfer versus sharing. Practice questions include identifying ionic/covalent compounds and completing bond diagrams using multiple methods.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/why-and-how-atoms-combine-lewis-diagrams-and-the-octet-rule-ionic-and-covalent-bonding/657750/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/why-and-how-atoms-combine-lewis-diagrams-and-the-octet-rule-ionic-and-covalent-bonding/657750.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Anna Hans","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-26",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What part of an atom is involved when atoms combine?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Only electrons in the valence (outer) shell are involved. Lewis diagrams are used to represent these valence electrons.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do you determine the number of valence electrons for a main-group element?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The number of valence electrons equals the group number. The exception noted is helium, which is in group 8 but has 2 valence electrons.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonding?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Ionic bonding occurs between metals and non-metals, with electrons transferred to form ions. Covalent bonding occurs between two non-metals, with electrons shared while still following the octet rule.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},657750,1793111026,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":19,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":52},5909892332657,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","Why and how atoms combine  \nLewis diagrams  \nWhen atoms combine, only electrons in the outer (valence) shell are involved. We can represent these valence electrons with Lewis diagrams. Lewis diagrams for the first 20 elements are shown below.  \n\n| IA | IIA | IIIA | IVA | VA | VIA | VIIA | 0 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| H  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  He  |\n| Li  | \u003Cbr>Be  | \u003Cbr> B  | \u003Cbr> C \u003Cbr>| \u003Cbr> N \u003Cbr>| \u003Cbr> O \u003Cbr>| \u003Cbr> F \u003Cbr>| \u003Cbr> Ne \u003Cbr>|\n| Na  | \u003Cbr>Mg | \u003Cbr> Al  | \u003Cbr> Si \u003Cbr>| \u003Cbr> P \u003Cbr>| \u003Cbr> S \u003Cbr>| \u003Cbr> Cl \u003Cbr>| \u003Cbr> Ar\u003Cbr>|\n| K  | \u003Cbr>Ca  |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n\nTo write Lewis diagrams:  \n1. Write the element symbol. Around this draw dots – one for each valence electron.  \n2. The dots should be spread over four sides. Dots are not paired until all sides have at least one dot.  \n3. It does not matter on which side dots are placed. For example, hydrogen can be drawn four ways:  \nH  = H =  H = H  \n4. The number of valence electrons is equal to the group number. For example, hydrogen is in group IA (group 1) and it has one valence electron. Neon is in 0 (group 8) and it has 8 valence electrons. The only exception is He which is in group 8 but has 2 valence electrons.  \nQ1 – Write Lewis diagrams for a) Ne, b) Sb (Z=51), c) Rb, d) a neutral atom with 9 total electrons Q2 – Write all possible variations of the Lewis diagram for phosphorus.  \nThe Octet Rule  \nThe noble gasses do not react with other elements. In other words, noble gasses are very stable. Let’s look at the electron configuration of noble gasses (note: K is the name given to shell 1, L to 2, etc.)  \n\n| Element | Shell |  |  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|  | K | L | M | N | O | P |\n| He | 2\u003Cbr>|  |  |  |  |  |\n| Ne | 2 | 8\u003Cbr>|  |  |  |  |\n| Ar | 2 | 8 | 8\u003Cbr>|  |  |  |\n| Kr | 2 | 8 | 18 | 8\u003Cbr>|  |  |\n| Xe | 2 | 8 | 18 | 18 | 8\u003Cbr>|  |\n| Rn | 2 | 8 | 18 | 32 | 18 | 8\u003Cbr>|\n\nMost Noble gasses have 8 electrons in their outer shell. This is a stable conformation.  \nThe Octet Rule  \nWhen atoms form ions or combine in compounds they obtain electron configurations of the nearest noble gas (usually this means that there will be 8 outer electrons) .  \nThe Octet rule and ion formation  \nAs stated, when atoms form ions they seek an electron configuration like that of the nearest noble gas. Nearest refers to the number of representative elements between an element and a noble gas. For example Br is 1 space removed from Kr, but 7 spaces removed from Ar (see your periodic table) . So, Br would gain 1 electron to form Br–. Similarly, Mg would lose 2 electrons to become Mg2+ .  \n\n| Q3–Complete the chart: | Br | P | Ne | Al | Ca |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Nearest Noble gas (spaces removed) | Kr (1) |  |  |  |  |\n| Resulting ion | Br– |  |  |  |  |\n\nGroup IVA elements are equal distances from two noble gasses. These elements tend not to form ions.  \nTypes of bonds  \nThere are two types of bonds: ionic and covalent. Ionic bonding occurs between metals and non-metals. Covalent bonding occurs between two non-metals. (When two metals combine an alloy is formed. Alloys are unusual substances; we will not concern ourselves with bonding in alloys)  \nNa + Cl = Ionic (metal) (non metal)  \nH + O = Covalent (non metal) (non metal)  \nQ4 – Identify each compound as ionic or covalent: MgO, CaCl2, SO2, PbCl2, CCl4, CH4  \nFormation of ions  \nIonic bonding involves the formation of ions: metals lose electrons to become positive ions, non-metals gain electrons to become negative ions. This can be shown with Bohr-Rutherford diagrams and Lewis diagrams:  \n23  \n11p+  \n12n0  \n2e- 8e- 1e-  \nNa loses an electron to become Na+ . Notice that its electron configuration resembles Ne (the nearest noble gas) . This follows the octet rule.  \nNa   [ Na ]+  \nCl gains an electron to become Cl- . Notice that its electron configuration resembles Ar (the nearest noble gas) . This follows the octet rule.  \n[ Cl ] - or, simply [ Cl ] -  \nIonic bonding  \n","cbCaifv4YSwh7i6q","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifv4YSwh7i6q","pdf",77937,"English","# Why and how atoms combine\n## Lewis diagrams\n## The Octet Rule\n## The Octet rule and ion formation\n## Types of bonds\n## Formation of ions\n## Ionic bonding continued\n## Covalent bonding","[{\"question\":\"What part of an atom is involved when atoms combine?\",\"answer\":\"Only electrons in the valence (outer) shell are involved. Lewis diagrams are used to represent these valence electrons.\"},{\"question\":\"How do you determine the number of valence electrons for a main-group element?\",\"answer\":\"The number of valence electrons equals the group number. The exception noted is helium, which is in group 8 but has 2 valence electrons.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonding?\",\"answer\":\"Ionic bonding occurs between metals and non-metals, with electrons transferred to form ions. Covalent bonding occurs between two non-metals, with electrons shared while still following the octet rule.\"}]","Why and how atoms combine - Lewis diagrams and the Octet Rule - Ionic and covalent bonding | PDF",1792988034]