[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-605588-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":80,"doc-detail-605588-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":73,"head_meta":75,"extra_data":77,"updated_unix":79},105,"en","who-took-the-rap-a-call-to-action","Who Took the Rap? A Call to Action","","Addresses the aftermath of September 11, 2001 and how crisis-driven fear fueled grief, anger, revenge, and disbelief alongside hate crimes and verbal attacks targeting Americans of Arab, Asian, and Latino descent, as well as people perceived as Muslim. Challenges the idea of accepting racial or religious profiling, arguing constitutional and civil liberties must be protected. Highlights advocacy arguments from Bill Ong Hing and Helen Zia, and examines post-9/11 discrimination against Sikh communities and South Asian immigrants.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/religion-spirituality/","Religion & Spirituality",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/who-took-the-rap-a-call-to-action/605588/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/who-took-the-rap-a-call-to-action/605588.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"dabgoudw","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-02","2026-10-16",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":26},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"Why does the text argue against racial profiling after 9/11?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"It states that Americans cannot accept being racially, religiously, or ethnically profiled and that constitutional and civil liberties must remain protected even in extraordinary times.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"What consequences does the text describe after the 9/11 attacks?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"It describes a backlash of discrimination and violence, including hate crimes, beatings, and epithets directed at Arab, Muslim, Asian, and South Asian communities.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"How does Bill Ong Hing support the call for justice?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"The text cites Hing’s view that the U.S. is a nation of immigrants yet cycles through anti-immigrant fervor, emphasizing second chances and opposing profiling of race, religion, or immigration status.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":74,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":76,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":78,"site_id":7},605588,1793005717,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":82},"success",[83,87,91,95,100,105,110,115,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":84,"show_sort_weight":85,"slug":86},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":88,"show_sort_weight":89,"slug":90},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":92,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":96,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":131},{"doc_id":78,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":116,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":26,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":30,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":111},3985747860484,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Who Took the Rap? A Call to Action  \nRussell C. Leong  \nEach decade challenges Americans  \nto once again examine their own  \nexperiences and responses to crisis, to their constitution, and to their civil rights. When the twin towers of the World Trade Center collapsed on that fateful September 11, 2001 after being hit by hijacked American airplanes, ordinary Americans like you or me reacted strongly.  \nWho Took the Rap?  \nUnfortunately, complex feelings of grief, anger, revenge, and disbelief were often targeted at brown-skinned people of Arab, Asian, or even Latino descent living in the U.S., or at those who were wearing a turban or perceived as Muslim. Hate crimes, beatings, and indiscriminate epithets directed against individuals and groups associated with Arab, South Asian, and Islamic communities occurred in cities and towns throughout the nation. Many politicians, mass media, and even some lawyers proposed the curtailment of some civil, and even constitutional rights in the aftermath of 9/11.  \nShould Americans Accept Racial Profiling after 9/11?  \nUntold Civil Rights Stories: Asian Americans Speak Out for Justice  \nAccording to Asian American journalist Helen  \nZia,“each day after September 11 has broughton some new uncertainty — and some new erosion of the principles that have made our country great. Yesterday, it was the argument of Peggy Noonan, a Wall Street Journal columnist who claimed that we must all ‘accept the necessity of racial profiling.’She said that all Americans have to sacrifice some of  \nour liberties in this post-September 11 world.”Do you agree or disagree with Noonan?  \nI, for one, do not agree, and it’s not because I am Asian American, or that I work as an editor or as a teacher at UCLA. Bottom line, I believe that extraordinary times of social danger and instability demand even stronger, and “extra” protection to ensure the constitutional rights and civil liberties of all those who live in America. We must all work harder to achieve this.  \nTrue, all Americans are living in extraordinary times with pressures and the conflicts of war, the economy, and politics that challenge our day-to-day lives and thinking. Nonetheless, we must turn our fears into hope and our hope into action to protect what America stands for, including the civil, legal, and human rights of all those who now live in America.  \nAmericans therefore cannot accept being racially, religiously or ethnically profiled—just because of the color of their skin, their immigration history or their religion.  \nAnd can Americans stand by while the civil liberties of others are taken away, violated, degraded or disregarded?  \nAsk yourself this question.  \nThis is just what Bill Ong Hing, a law professor at UC Davis, did in his article, “Defending the Unpopular Immigrant.” In his essay he talks about representing and working with persons and families that are “among the most unpopular groups in the United States today — undocumented immigrants from  \nMexico and legal residents who have been convicted of crimes.”  \nWhy Choose Justice Over Discrimination?  \nAs Hing states,“we are a nation of immigrants,  \nyet we are also a nation that goes through evil cycles of anti-immigrant fervor.”  \nBill Hing is an Asian American who is very mucha typical American. He was born in the small town of Superior, Arizona, a small copper mining community that is mostly Mexican American. Bill’s first languages were Spanish and English, and his Mexican neighbors reminded him of the Chinese migrants he had grown up with and known as well. In his work asa lawyer, Bill often represents Spanish-speaking clients, both immigrant and undocumented individuals alike in their quest for freedom and justice.  \nAs a young immigration attorney, Bill worked in San Francisco, and there worked with many so-called Asian gang members from ordinary working class families. In the 1990s, he also represented clients from Southeast Asia, Cambodia, specifically.  \nAfter September 11, 2001, h","cbCaigUmnpD8fwrH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigUmnpD8fwrH","pdf",156227,"English","# Who Took the Rap? A Call to Action\n## Americans and the Crisis After 9/11\n## Should Americans Accept Racial Profiling after 9/11?\n## Untold Civil Rights Stories: Asian Americans Speak Out for Justice\n## True Protection for Constitutional Rights\n## Why Choose Justice Over Discrimination?\n## How Do South Asian Americans Create Community?","[{\"question\":\"Why does the text argue against racial profiling after 9/11?\",\"answer\":\"It states that Americans cannot accept being racially, religiously, or ethnically profiled and that constitutional and civil liberties must remain protected even in extraordinary times.\"},{\"question\":\"What consequences does the text describe after the 9/11 attacks?\",\"answer\":\"It describes a backlash of discrimination and violence, including hate crimes, beatings, and epithets directed at Arab, Muslim, Asian, and South Asian communities.\"},{\"question\":\"How does Bill Ong Hing support the call for justice?\",\"answer\":\"The text cites Hing’s view that the U.S. is a nation of immigrants yet cycles through anti-immigrant fervor, emphasizing second chances and opposing profiling of race, religion, or immigration status.\"}]","Who Took the Rap? A Call to Action | PDF",1792132816]