[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-113209-en":3,"doc-seo-113209-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},113209,549758252649,"Ivy","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000253669c5317157?_k=1778319167496531819",8,"Research & Report","Who on Earth Can Work from Home?","This paper surveys emerging research on which jobs can be performed from home and provides new estimates of home-work prevalence using occupation task content, technology requirements, and country-level internet access by income group. Globally, one in five jobs can be done from home, but the share falls sharply in low-income countries when internet access is considered. The analysis highlights how COVID-19 may worsen labor-market inequality, with young, less educated, and temporary-contract workers facing greater vulnerability.","Pub lic Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized  \n\n| Who on Earth Can Work from Home? |\n| --- |\n| Daniel Garrote Sanchez, Nicolas Gomez Parra, Caglar Ozden, Bob Rijkers, Mariana Viollaz, and Hernan Winkler |\n\nThis paper reviews the emerging literature on which jobs can be performed from home and presents new estimates of the prevalence of such jobs based on the task content of occu pations, their technology requirements and the availability of internet access by country and income groupings. Globally, one of every five jobs can be performed from home. In lowincome countries, this ratio drops to one of every 26 jobs. Failing to account for internet access yields upward biased estimates of the resilience of poor countries, lagging regions, and poor workers. Since better paid workers are more likely to be able to work from home, COVID- 19 is likely to exacerbate inequality, especially in richer countries where better paid and ed ucated workers are insulated from the shock. The overall labor market burden of COVID-19 is bound to be larger in poor countries, where only a small share of workers can work from home and social protection systems are weaker. Across the globe, young, poorly educated workers and those on temporary contracts are least likely to be able to work from home and more vulnerable to the labor market shocks from COVID-19.  \nJEL Codes: J17, J21, J28, J48  \nKeywords: COVID-19, working from home, telecommuting, internet access.  \nAs the COVID-19 pandemic ravages labor markets across the globe, questions on the changing nature of jobs have moved to the center of academic and policy debates. The ability to work from home is a key determinant of employment outcomes given widespread shutdowns, mobility restrictions, and social distancing policies. Workers in occupations more amenable to working from home (WFH) are more likely to retain their jobs and experience a smaller decline in earnings, as evidence from surveys conducted during the early stages of the pandemic has shown (Adams-Prassl et al. 2020a ; Bottan, Hoffman, and Vera 2020; Guven, Sotirakopoulos, and Ulker 2020; and Liu and Mai 2020 ; Montenovo et al. 2020) . According to estimates of the International Labor Organization (ILO 2020), half of the workforce in high-income regions of the world, like North America and Western Europe, has been able to work from home throughout the pandemic.  \nThe World Bank Research Observer  \n© The Author(s) 2021 . Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Bank for Reconstruction and  \nDevelopment / THE WORLD BANK. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [journals.permissions@oup.com](journals.permissions@oup.com)  \n[doi: 10.1093/wbro/lkab002 36:67](doi: 10.1093/wbro/lkab002 36:67)–[100](100)  \nDownloaded from [https://academic.oup.com/wbro/article/36/1/67/6158069 by Joint Bank/Fund Library user on 06 September 2023](https://academic.oup.com/wbro/article/36/1/67/6158069 by Joint Bank/Fund Library user on 06 September 2023)  \nThe widespread availability of home-based work in high-income countries is in part due to changes in the nature and task content of jobs that have accompanied advances in communication and information technologies (ICT) over the last decades. The ICT revolution has fueled an expansion of high-skilled jobs that are intensive in tasks requiring cognitive skills and can feasibly be performed at home (World Bank 2019) . By contrast, the demand for relatively lower-skilled workers executing routine tasks has fallen, resulting in widening labor market inequality. Since workers in jobs with routine tasks are less likely to be able to WFH, the COVID-19 pandemic will most likely reinforce longer-term trends towards job polarization and increased income inequality.  \nThis paper reviews the rapidly growing literature on the share and type of jobs that can be performed from home, various constraints on home-based work as well as their implications for the labor market and ","cbCainwMXsx9TGps","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainwMXsx9TGps","pdf",1740385,1,34,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Job feasibility and COVID-19 impacts\n# Task Content of Jobs\n## Constraints, technology needs, and home-based work prevalence\n## Internet access and developing-country risk\n# Implications and Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"论文如何估计哪些工作可以在家完成？\",\"answer\":\"论文结合职业任务内容、技术需求以及按国家和收入分组的互联网可用性来估计可远程工作的比例。\"},{\"question\":\"考虑互联网接入后，低收入国家的远程工作可行性如何变化？\",\"answer\":\"未考虑互联网接入会导致对贫困国家韧性的高估；纳入互联网因素后，低收入国家可在家完成的工作比例显著下降。\"},{\"question\":\"COVID-19 对不同群体的居家工作能力与不平等有什么影响？\",\"answer\":\"由于更高收入与更高教育人群更可能具备居家工作条件，COVID-19 可能加剧不平等；而年轻、低教育与临时合同从业者更难在家工作且更易受冲击。\"}]",1784501468,86,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":27},"who-on-earth-can-work-from-home","",{"@graph":35,"@context":84},[36,53,67],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/who-on-earth-can-work-from-home/113209/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":40,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-19",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"论文如何估计哪些工作可以在家完成？","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"论文结合职业任务内容、技术需求以及按国家和收入分组的互联网可用性来估计可远程工作的比例。","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"考虑互联网接入后，低收入国家的远程工作可行性如何变化？",{"text":79,"@type":75},"未考虑互联网接入会导致对贫困国家韧性的高估；纳入互联网因素后，低收入国家可在家完成的工作比例显著下降。",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"COVID-19 对不同群体的居家工作能力与不平等有什么影响？",{"text":83,"@type":75},"由于更高收入与更高教育人群更可能具备居家工作条件，COVID-19 可能加剧不平等；而年轻、低教育与临时合同从业者更难在家工作且更易受冲击。","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":86,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":88,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":91},[92,96,100,104,109,114,119,122,127,130,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":101,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":105,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]