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Race and Class Differences in College Admissions Outcomes","","The article examines racial and socioeconomic disparities in students’ chances of acceptance to their first-choice colleges, using High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 data and accounting for institutional selectivity. Results show race as a significant predictor at less selective institutions, with Black and Asian students facing substantially lower odds of acceptance than White students. At highly competitive or most selective colleges, race no longer significantly predicts acceptance and racial disparities shrink, while socioeconomic status shows no significant association.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/who-gets-their-first-choice-race-and-class-differences-in-college-admissions-outcomes/590269/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/who-gets-their-first-choice-race-and-class-differences-in-college-admissions-outcomes/590269.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Adam","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the study examine in college admissions outcomes?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It analyzes how racial and socioeconomic differences affect the probability of acceptance to a student’s first-choice college, considering institutional selectivity.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does race relate to first-choice acceptance odds?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Race significantly predicts acceptance at less selective institutions, with Black and Asian students showing 46% to 59% lower odds than White peers.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why do racial disparities diminish at highly selective colleges?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"At highly competitive or most selective colleges, race no longer significantly predicts acceptance, and racial disparities in acceptance rates become smaller.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},590269,1792190194,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":36,"preview_page_count":4},1374404737137,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","AERA Open  \nJanuary-December 2024, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1–16 DOI: 10. 1177/23328584241298951  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)© The Author(s) 2024. [https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero](https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero)  \nWho Gets Their First Choice? Race and Class Differences in  \nCollege Admissions Outcomes  \nSooji Kim  \nSeton Hall University  \nMichael N. Bastedo  \nUniversity of Michigan  \nThe debate over race-conscious admissions has gained prominence, notably in cases such as Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard. In debates on race-conscious admissions, the question is often not whether a student will go to college, but which college the student will attend. Using data from the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009, we examined racial and socioeconomic disparities in the probability of acceptance to a student’s first-choice college based on institutional selectivity. Race was a significant predictor of acceptance to a first-choice college, with Black and Asian students facing odds of acceptance that were 46% to 59% lower than those of White peers. However, at highly competitive or most selective colleges, race was no longer a significant predictor, and racial disparities in acceptance rates diminished. Socioeconomic status had no significant association with the probability of acceptance to a first-choice college.  \nKeywords: college admissions, race-conscious admissions, class-based preferences, college choice, college access, affirmative action  \nThe role of admissions decisions in shaping students’ ultimate college choice is a relatively recent phenomenon. Prior to the 1980s, most college applicants secured admission to their first-choice institution, with admissions decisions exerting minimal impact on their final college destination (Jackson, 1988) . For example, among the cohort of highschool graduates in 1972, nearly 90% of those who applied to 4-year institutions of average or lower selectivity were accepted to their first-choice college, even if they did not receive admission to every institution they applied to (Manski & Wise, 1983) . However, the rate of attendance at first-choice colleges declined steadily during the 1990s and 2000s. By 2006, ~67% of freshmen reported matriculating at their first-choice institution, a trend primarily attributable to escalating institutional selectivity, rising college costs, and the growing sizes of the college-aged population (Bound et al., 2009) .  \nThis general trend may have obscured important variations in college admissions outcomes based on race and social class. Empirical research indicates a consistent racial gap in enrollment at selective institutions (Baker et al., 2018; Posselt et al., 2012), raising critical questions about whether students from different demographic backgrounds are admitted to first-choice colleges of comparable quality and selectivity. McDonough and Antonio (1996) articulated these  \nconcerns: “Do students of color get into their first-choice college as often as White students? Why are students of color clustered at low-prestige, low-resource, low-selectivity institutions?”(p. 3) . Previous studies have demonstrated substantial disparities in access to first-choice colleges between students of color and White students (Carter, 1999; Hurtado et al., 1997; Kim, 2004; Maxey et al., 1995; McDonough & Antonio, 1996) . Given the persistent lack of progress in achieving racial and socioeconomic equity (Black et al., 2015), these questions retain their significance today, just as they did in the 1990s.  \nThe intersection of college admissions and race has lately garnered considerable attention, especially in light of recent Supreme Court cases, such as Students for Fair Admissions (SFFA) v. Harvard and SFFA v. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Central to public discourse is the inquiry into which individuals secure admission to their p","cbCaiqfHGeIUAnug","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqfHGeIUAnug","pdf",548393,16,"English","# Introduction\n## Race and class disparities in first-choice college acceptance\n## Institutional selectivity and admissions processes\n## Research questions and challenges","[{\"question\":\"What does the study examine in college admissions outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"It analyzes how racial and socioeconomic differences affect the probability of acceptance to a student’s first-choice college, considering institutional selectivity.\"},{\"question\":\"How does race relate to first-choice acceptance odds?\",\"answer\":\"Race significantly predicts acceptance at less selective institutions, with Black and Asian students showing 46% to 59% lower odds than White peers.\"},{\"question\":\"Why do racial disparities diminish at highly selective colleges?\",\"answer\":\"At highly competitive or most selective colleges, race no longer significantly predicts acceptance, and racial disparities in acceptance rates become smaller.\"}]","Who Gets Their First Choice? Race and Class Differences in College Admissions Outcomes | PDF",1792069213]