[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-585682-105":59,"doc-detail-585682-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","where-we-have-been-and-where-we-need-to-go-next-report","WHERE WE HAVE BEEN AND WHERE WE NEED TO GO NEXT - Report","","Report addressing the state of school policing in the United States, commissioned by the National Institute of Justice to inform Congress in 2019. Describes how NIJ conducted a literature review, data-source examination, expert panel discussions, and synthesis. Focuses on sworn school officers and the U.S. context, excluding foreign models and non-sworn security or retired military. Places findings in historical development, noting growth after major school shootings and ongoing data limitations.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/where-we-have-been-and-where-we-need-to-go-next-report/585682/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/where-we-have-been-and-where-we-need-to-go-next-report/585682.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Riley West","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What directive led to this report?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"In 2019, the National Institute of Justice was directed to provide Congress with a report on the state of school policing in the United States, including the current role of police in schools and recommendations for serving students’ needs better.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What scope does the report cover and what does it exclude?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The report focuses exclusively on the United States and on sworn officers. It does not consider school policing in other nations or the use of private security, retired military, or other types of nonsworn police in schools.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What are two common models for police in schools mentioned in the report?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The report describes the school resource officer model and a model in which an officer is part of a school district’s own police force. Implementation varies across jurisdictions and even across schools in the same district.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},585682,1792230251,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":62,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},1099523885074,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","U.S. Department of Justice  \nOffice of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice  \nNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF JUSTICE  \nSCHOOL POLICING PROGRAMS  \nWHERE WE HAVE BEEN AND WHERE WE NEED TO GO NEXT  \nJoseph M. McKenna Anthony Petrosino  \nFebruary 2022  \nU.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs  \n810 Seventh St. N.W.  \nWashington, DC 20531  \nJennifer Scherer, Ph. D.  \nActing Director, National Institute of Justice  \nThis and other publications and products of the National Institute of Justice can be found at:  \nNational Institute of Justice Strengthen Science • Advance Justice [NIJ.ojp.gov](NIJ.ojp.gov)  \nOffice of Justice Programs  \nBuilding Solutions • Supporting Communities • Advancing Justice [OJP.gov](OJP.gov)  \nThe National Institute of Justice is the research, development, and evaluation agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. NIJ’s mission is to advance scientific research, development, and evaluation to enhance the administration of justice and public safety.  \nThe National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance; the Bureau of Justice Statistics; the Office for Victims of Crime; the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention; and the Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending, Registering, and Tracking.  \nOpinions or conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.  \nThe authors would also like to acknowledge and thank the following individuals for their work, input, and contributions to this report: Nadine Frederique, Mary Poulin Carlton, and Jessica Norton at the National Institute of Justice; Ivan Benitez at the University of Louisville; and Richard Renaud at Texas State University.  \nPhoto Source: © Robert [Elias/Shutterstock.com](Elias/Shutterstock.com)  \nNational [Institute of Justice](Institute of Justice | NIJ.ojp.gov)[ | NIJ.ojp.gov](Institute of Justice | NIJ.ojp.gov)  \nExecutive Summary  \nIn 2019, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) was directed to provide Congress with areport on the state of school policing in the United States that examined the current role of police in schools and provided recommendations on how they can better serve the needs of students. To address this directive, NIJ engaged two consultants to conduct a comprehensive literature review and examination of data sources, facilitate four days of expert panel discussions, and synthesize the results from these data collection efforts. This report is the result of those efforts. The report focuses exclusively on the United States and on sworn officers and does not consider the use of school police in nations outside the United States or on the employment of private security, retired military, or other types of nonsworn police in schools. Much of the writing of this report occurred in 2020 amid the civil unrest stemming from the murder of George Floyd and the police killings of other people of color. It also was written during the COVID-19 pandemic, which undoubtedly will also have impacts on school policing. This report focuses on what we currently knew at the time of its writing.  \nHistory of School Policing in the United States  \nSchool policing is believed to have started in Michigan in the 1950s and to have grown, at least in part, due to concerns about safety and security. However, substantial growth in school policing’s popularity and implementation is believed to have occurred following the high-casualty shooting that occurred at Columbine High School in 1999. The Clinton, Obama, and Trump administrations provided funding through the U.S. Department of Justice to support local implementation of school policing, largely as a response to school shootings. Nearly all of the commissions and task forces established in 2018 and 2019 after massacres at high schools in Parkland, Florida, and Santa Fe, Texas","cbCailhA7O0aABm2","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailhA7O0aABm2","pdf",1026145,"English","# Executive Summary\n# History of School Policing in the United States\n# School Policing Programs: Where We Have Been and Where We Need To Go Next\n## Models of Implementation for Police in Schools\n## Roles and Activities of Police in Schools","[{\"question\":\"What directive led to this report?\",\"answer\":\"In 2019, the National Institute of Justice was directed to provide Congress with a report on the state of school policing in the United States, including the current role of police in schools and recommendations for serving students’ needs better.\"},{\"question\":\"What scope does the report cover and what does it exclude?\",\"answer\":\"The report focuses exclusively on the United States and on sworn officers. It does not consider school policing in other nations or the use of private security, retired military, or other types of nonsworn police in schools.\"},{\"question\":\"What are two common models for police in schools mentioned in the report?\",\"answer\":\"The report describes the school resource officer model and a model in which an officer is part of a school district’s own police force. Implementation varies across jurisdictions and even across schools in the same district.\"}]","WHERE WE HAVE BEEN AND WHERE WE NEED TO GO NEXT - Report | PDF",1792055511,265]