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Through a case study, it identifies defense modes that emerge during race conflict and closes with strategies for engaging in difficult dialogue while owning one’s privileged identity.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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article focus on?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"The article focuses on how gender and race intersect to produce tension, particularly when White women are challenged to consider their White privilege by Women of Color.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How does the Privileged Identity Exploration Model (PIE) support the analysis?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The article uses the PIE Model to analyze defense modes that White women may display when confronted with race conflict, and to frame recommendations for more authentic dialogue.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What role do higher education institutions play according to the article?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Higher education institutions in the United States are described as emblematic of privilege, historically serving White, Christian, heterosexual, middle-class, able-bodied, male-dominated identities and reinforcing “standard of humanity” 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tension that arises as the result of the intersection of socialidentities,namely gender and race.Through examination of a case study,I consider theways in which White women benefit from White privilege through their interactionswith Women of Color using the Privileged Identity Exploration Model as the tool foranalysis.  \nInstitutions of higher education in the United States emblematically representprivilege.Whether it be race,gender,sexual orientation,class,abilities,religion,and so on,universities have historically served White,Christian,heterosexual,middle-class,able-bodied,male-dominated identities(Anzaldúa &Moraga,2002;Anzaldúa&Keating,2002;Lorde,1984;hooks,1981).If our institutionsare rivers flowing in a specific direction,then the current of the river shaped bygeography which enables the flow of the river and it represent the system ofprivilege.Consider a fish that must swim upstream versus a fish that swimswith the current,arguably both fish could survive,but under whatcircumstances?Would one fish benefit from the flow of the current?Asstudent affairs practitioners,it is our job to understand not only context forsurvival,but also the circumstances.  \nThe notion of privilege is complex,especially whether we have privileged or wedo not have privilege positions us to act in conflicting manners regardingoppression.This phenomenon is noticeable when Women of Color and Whitewomen dialogue about race and racism.While White women are members ofan oppressed group based on gender,they still experience privilege based onrace.This dual oppressor/oppressed identity often becomes a root of tensionwhen White women are challenged to consider their White privilege byWomen of Color.  \nThe goal of this article is to highlight complexities that arise with theintersection of race and gender,using the Privilege Identity Exploration(PIE)Model(Watt,2007).I begin the article by contextualizing how race and genderidentities interact with one another and how these interactions shape our  \nWhen White Women Cy  \nsocietal norms.Next,I offer a case study which identifies how White womenmanifest certain defense modes presented in the PIE Model when confrontedwith race conflict.Finally,I conclude the article with suggestions on ways toengage in difficult dialogue while authentically owning one's privileged identity.  \n## The Intersection of Social Identities\n\nAll of our social identities inform and shape one another.One's identity as awoman is shaped by multiple factors in her life,including race,social class,sexual orientation,and so on.While sexism shapes the nature of womanhood,White womanhood looks very different than Asian American,Black,Indigenous,or Latina womanhood,because each woman's experience isshaped by the internal expectations and external perceptions of what it meansto be a woman within each of these racial communities (Hernández &Rehman,2002;Anzáldua &Keating,2002).Comprehensive historical researchexplicates this notion of racial identity informing gender identity (Daniels,1997;Frankenberg,1993;1997).While White women have been depicted tobe the foundation of purity,chastity,and virtue,Women of Color havehistorically been caricaturized by the negative stereotypes and the historicallower status position associated with their racial communities in Americansociety (Hernández&Rehman,2002;Collins,2000;Lorde,1984;hooks,1981).Additionally,as Palmer(1994)states,\"the problem for White women is thattheir privilege is based on accepting the image of goodness,which ispowerlessness”(p.170).This powerlessness informs the nature of Whitewomanhood.Put in simple terms,male privilege positions the nature ofwomanhood,while White privilege through history positions a White woman'sreality as the universal norm of womanhood,leaving a woman of color definedby two layers of oppression.  \nAs Dyer further elucidates,\"White people set standards","cbCaigemZf0BizMQ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigemZf0BizMQ","pdf",440602,"English","# When White Women Cry - How White Women's Tears Oppress Women of Color\n## The Intersection of Social Identities\n## One Up/One Down Identities","[{\"question\":\"What intersectional tension does the article focus on?\",\"answer\":\"The article focuses on how gender and race intersect to produce tension, particularly when White women are challenged to consider their White privilege by Women of Color.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the Privileged Identity Exploration Model (PIE) support the analysis?\",\"answer\":\"The article uses the PIE Model to analyze defense modes that White women may display when confronted with race conflict, and to frame recommendations for more authentic dialogue.\"},{\"question\":\"What role do higher education institutions play according to the article?\",\"answer\":\"Higher education institutions in the United States are described as emblematic of privilege, historically serving White, Christian, heterosexual, middle-class, able-bodied, male-dominated identities and reinforcing “standard of humanity” norms.\"}]","When White Women Cry - How White Women's Tears Oppress Women of Color | PDF",1792088982]