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The article traces key historical findings from macaque premotor area F5, outlines core response characteristics such as action specificity, and evaluates why neuroimaging cannot yet unambiguously detect these neurons. It reviews quantitative recording studies and highlights biases affecting reported proportions over time.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/what-we-know-currently-about-mirror-minireview-neurons-review/232768/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/what-we-know-currently-about-mirror-minireview-neurons-review/232768.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Adam","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-11","2026-09-10",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What defines mirror neuron activity?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Mirror neurons modulate their activity both when an individual executes a specific motor act and when they observe the same or a similar act performed by another individual. Their responses also show action specificity.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Why does the review focus on recording studies rather than neuroimaging?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The review excludes human and non-human primate imaging studies because mirror neuron activity cannot yet be unambiguously detected using neuroimaging techniques. It therefore concentrates on recording papers reporting quantitative results.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Where have mirror neurons been most studied in macaques?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Although mirror neurons have been reported across multiple areas, most mirror neuron research studies activity in area F5, with 15 of 25 papers focusing on this region. The reported proportion in F5 is described as increasing over time, likely due to sampling bias.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},232768,1789073573,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":29,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},1374404737137,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","What We Know Currently about Mirror Minireview  \nNeurons  \nJ. M. Kilner and R. N. Lemon  \nMirror neurons were discovered over twenty years ago in the ventral premotor region F5 of the macaque monkey. Since their discovery much has been written about these neurons, both in the scientific literature and in the popular press. They have been proposed to be the neuronal substrate underlying a vast array of different functions. Indeed so much has been written about mirror neurons that last year they were referred to, rightly or wrongly, as‘‘The most hyped concept in neuroscience’’. Here we try to cut through some of this hyperbole and review what is currently known (and not known) about mirror neurons.  \nIntroduction  \nMirror neurons are a class of neuron that modulate their activity both when an individual executes a specific motor act and when they observe the same or similar act performed by another individual. They were first reported in the macaque monkey ventral premotor area F5 [1] and were named mirror neurons in a subsequent publication from the same group [2] . Ever since their discovery, there has been great interest in mirror neurons and much speculation about their possible functional role with a particular focus on their proposed role in social cognition. As Heyes [3] wrote‘‘[mirror neurons] intrigue both specialists and non-specialists, celebrated as a ‘revolution’ in understanding social behaviour . and ‘the driving force’ behind ‘the great leap forward’ in human evolution.’’. Indeed so much has been written in both peer-review literature and elsewhere about mirror neurons and their proposed functional role(s) that they have recently been given the moniker ‘‘The most hyped concept in neuroscience’’ [4] .  \nFor us, the discovery of mirror neurons was exciting because it has led to a new way of thinking about how we generate our own actions and how we monitor and interpret the actions of others. This discovery prompted the notion that, from a functional viewpoint, action execution and observation are closely-related processes, and indeed that our ability to interpret the actions of others requires the involvement of our own motor system.  \nThe aim of this article is not to add to this literature on the putative functional role(s) of mirror neurons, but instead to provide a review of the studies that have directly recorded mirror neuron activity. To date, there have been over 800 published papers on mirror neurons (from a PubMed search using: ‘‘mirror neuron’’ OR ‘‘mirror neurons’’) . Here, werestrict our attention to only the primary literature on mirror neurons. Mirror neurons were originally defined as neurons which ‘‘discharged both during monkey’s active movements and when the monkey observed meaningful hand movements made by the experimenter’’ [2] . Thus, the key characteristics of mirror neurons are that their activity is modulated both by action execution and action observation, and that  \nSobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK, WC1N 3BG.  \nE-mail: [j.kilner@ucl.ac.uk](j.kilner@ucl.ac.uk)  \nthis activity shows a degree of action specificity. This distinguishes mirror neurons from other ‘motor’ or ‘sensory’ neurons whose discharge is associated with either execution or observation, but not both. It also distinguishes mirror neuron responses from other types of response to vision of objects or other non-action stimuli. As the activity of mirror neurons cannot yet be unambiguously detected using neuroimaging techniques, we have excluded human and non-human primate imaging studies from this review. We therefore focus on the 25 papers [1,2,5–27] that have reported quantitative results of recording mirror neurons or mirror-like neurons in macaque monkeys since 1992 (Table 1) .  \nMirror neurons were first described inthe rostral division of the ventral premotor cortex (area F5) of the macaque brain, and have subsequently been reported in the inferior parietal lo","cbCaib4eVEP3hw9m","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaib4eVEP3hw9m","pdf",147327,"English","# Introduction\n## Mirror neurons: definition and functional motivation\n# Recording evidence and study scope\n## Why imaging studies are excluded\n## Where mirror neurons have been reported\n# Mirror neurons in ventral premotor region F5\n## Proportions, time trends, and sampling bias\n## Early versus later experimental strategies","[{\"question\":\"What defines mirror neuron activity?\",\"answer\":\"Mirror neurons modulate their activity both when an individual executes a specific motor act and when they observe the same or a similar act performed by another individual. Their responses also show action specificity.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the review focus on recording studies rather than neuroimaging?\",\"answer\":\"The review excludes human and non-human primate imaging studies because mirror neuron activity cannot yet be unambiguously detected using neuroimaging techniques. It therefore concentrates on recording papers reporting quantitative results.\"},{\"question\":\"Where have mirror neurons been most studied in macaques?\",\"answer\":\"Although mirror neurons have been reported across multiple areas, most mirror neuron research studies activity in area F5, with 15 of 25 papers focusing on this region. The reported proportion in F5 is described as increasing over time, likely due to sampling bias.\"}]","What We Know Currently about Mirror Minireview Neurons - Review | PDF",15]