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Using Colorado state data on career paths from 1999 to 2001 and school achievement-level information, the study addresses how age-specific attrition rates vary by gender and race and which conditional factors are linked to leaders leaving their roles. Findings show higher attrition for women and minority groups at younger and older ages, plus associations with school size, salary increases, and lower achievement for female leaders, informing prevention policy.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/what-predicts-the-mobility-of-elementary-school-leaders-an-analysis-of-longitudinal-data-in-colorado-research-article/602375/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/what-predicts-the-mobility-of-elementary-school-leaders-an-analysis-of-longitudinal-data-in-colorado-research-article/602375.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"dawugda","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Which two research questions does the study address?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It asks how age-specific attrition rates differ by gender and race, and what other conditional factors are associated with school leader attrition.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What patterns of attrition did the data show by gender and race?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Female and minority leaders generally had higher attrition rates at age 40 or younger and at age 56 or older compared with male and nonminority groups.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What factors besides demographics were associated with leaders leaving their schools?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The study finds that school size and salary increase were associated with attrition for both male and female leaders; larger schools had higher attrition, and higher expected salary increases linked to transferring increased the likelihood of leaving.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},602375,1792171665,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":56,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},3985747870947,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","A peer-reviewed scholarly journal Editor: Gene V Glass College of Education  \nArizona State University  \nCopyright is retained by the first or sole author, who grants right of first publication to the EDUCATION POLICY ANALYSIS ARCHIVES. EPAAis a project of the Education Policy Studies Laboratory.  \nArticles appearing in EPAA are abstracted in the Current Index to Journals in Education by the ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation and are permanently archived in Resources in Education.  \nPDF file of this article available:   \nThis article has been retrieved  times since April 24, 2004  \nVolume 12 Number 18 April 24, 2004 ISSN 1068-2341  \nWhat Predicts the Mobility of Elementary School Leaders? An Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Colorado  \nMotoko Akiba University of Missouri-Columbia  \nRobert Reichardt Alliance for Quality Teaching Denver, Colorado  \nCitation: Akiba, M. , Reichardt, R. ,(2004, April 24) . What Predicts the Mobility of Elementary School Leaders? An Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Colorado. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 12(18) . Retrieved [Date] from [http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v12n18/](http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v12n18/) .  \nAbstract  \nWhile many studies have reported the predictors of teacher attrition, we know little about what predicts the attrition of school leaders. Using the Colorado state data on elementary school principals ’ and assistant principals ’ career paths from 1999 to 2001 and school achievement-level data, we addressed two research questions: 1) How do the age-specific attrition rates differ by gender and race? and 2) What other conditional factors are associated with the attrition of school leaders? We found that female and minority groups generally had higher attrition rates at age 40 or younger and at age 56 or older than male and nonminority groups. Our data also indicated that school size and salary increase were associated with the attrition of both male and female leaders. Large schools were more likely to have higher  \nrates of school leader attrition, and the leaders who expected relatively higher salary increases by transferring were more likely to leave their schools. Lower school achievement predicted higher attrition of female leaders only. These findings have important implications for policy-makers when they plan and implement strategies for preventing high attrition rates of school leaders.  \nIntroduction  \nRecent reports and statistics have shown that many schools and districts are experiencing high attrition rates of school principals and superintendents (Cunningham & Burdick, 1999; National Association of Elementary School Principals, 1998; U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2002) . In the time of systemic educational reform, stable leadership is crucial in order for the leaders to effectively provide a rich environment for improving student learning (Useem, Christman, Gold, & Simon, 1996) . Given the empirical evidence on the important role of principal leadership to improve students’ academic performance, particularly of low achievers (Andrews & Soder, 1987; Leithwood & Montgomery, 1982; Zigarelli, 1996), frequent turnover of school leaders would pose a serious challenge for implementing systemic educational reform.  \nDespite such possible negative consequences, we know little about what explains school leaders ’ attrition. While it has been argued that school leader attrition is caused by retirement of the baby boomer generation and those who leave education-related positions, studies have found that most attrition of educators is due to their transferring from one school to another (Ingersoll, 2001; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2002) . The increasing pressure undercurrent educational reform to improve student achievement using the accountability system has been discussed as an important factor that discourages qualified candidates from taking leadership positions (Adams, 1999; Cooley & Shen, 2000; Copland, 2001) . Naturally, such pressures on school leader","cbCaipv4jtcZ5a13","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipv4jtcZ5a13","pdf",115182,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Related Literature\n## Attrition Due to Moving and Leaving the Profession","[{\"question\":\"Which two research questions does the study address?\",\"answer\":\"It asks how age-specific attrition rates differ by gender and race, and what other conditional factors are associated with school leader attrition.\"},{\"question\":\"What patterns of attrition did the data show by gender and race?\",\"answer\":\"Female and minority leaders generally had higher attrition rates at age 40 or younger and at age 56 or older compared with male and nonminority groups.\"},{\"question\":\"What factors besides demographics were associated with leaders leaving their schools?\",\"answer\":\"The study finds that school size and salary increase were associated with attrition for both male and female leaders; larger schools had higher attrition, and higher expected salary increases linked to transferring increased the likelihood of leaving.\"}]","What Predicts the Mobility of Elementary School Leaders? - An Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Colorado - Research article | PDF",1792094565,48]