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Drawing on models associated with Nussbaum, Rawls, and Sen, the review analyzes how equity-minded leadership is operationalized across CalAPA cycles and templates. It also critiques assumptions that equity reduces to equality, arguing that equity and justice are complex, identity-influenced concepts that must be navigated through informed leadership practice.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/what-is-equity-a-literature-review-informing-california-administrator-performance-assessment-expectations/602801/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/what-is-equity-a-literature-review-informing-california-administrator-performance-assessment-expectations/602801.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"dabgoudw","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does CalAPA require administrators to do regarding equity?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"CalAPA expects candidates to analyze, address, and reduce “equity gaps” by using research-based practices and by demonstrating equity-driven leadership across the assessment cycles.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which philosophical models of equity are discussed in the literature review?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The review explores equity models associated with Nussbaum (2011), Rawls (1971, 2001), and Sen (2009) as relevant to CalAPA expectations.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why does the review argue equity is more complex than equality?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It notes that equity and justice are subject to multiple interpretations shaped by identity factors such as gender, culture, ethnicity, nationality, and religion, so what is “just” can vary by context.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},602801,1792190225,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985747860484,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","What is Equity? A Literature Review Informing California Administrator Performance Assessment Expectations  \nMichael Szolowicz  \nCalifornia State University, Bakersfield  \nThe newly implemented California Administrator Performance Assessment (CalAPA) expects future administrators to create more equitable schools. The CalAPA’s mandate toward equity creates an imperative to further explore what is meant by equity and how administrative candidates can become effective equity-minded leaders. This literature review explores models of equity (Nussbaum, 2011; Rawls, 1971 & 2001; Sen 2009) relevant to the CalAPA and, towards developing effective equity minded leaders, offers critique of the models, with suggestions of key principles equity minded leaders might apply in practice.  \nKeywords: CalAPA, deontology, equity, equity gap, social justice theory, teleology, utilitarianism  \nThe newly implemented California Administrator Performance Assessment (CalAPA) forms both a process and a performance-based instrument for developing equity-minded educational leaders. The CalAPA consists of three main cycles, the first of which explicitly addresses the equity goals of this wholesale and systematic reform effort,“Leadership Cycle 1: Analyzing Data to Inform School Improvement and Promote Equity”(California Commission on Teacher Credentialing, 2018a) . The directions for Cycle 1 thrice employ equity language within the first two sentences of the introduction, “Effective equity-driven educational leaders develop a collective vision through the use of multiple measures of data that focus on equitable access, opportunities, and outcomes for all students. Collaborative leadership skills related to developing a vision for equity …”(California Commission on Teacher Credentialing, 2018a, p. 1) The CalAPA stipulates that “equity gaps”–discrepancies between performances in academic achievement or well-being between various student demographic groups—be identified, addressed using research-based practices, and reduced or eliminated.  \nThe goal of equitable access opportunities, and outcomes for diverse students , has long been a goal of educational reformers who see equity as a foundational moral imperative (Anderson, 1998; Apple, 2000; Ball, 1997; Foster, 1986; Ylimaki, 2011) . The CalAPA seeks to systematically develop and assess this moral imperative through the CalAPA process. Equity appears over two dozen times across the writing templates for the three CalAPA cycles such as in Cycle 1, Step 1’s requirement that candidates answer,“How does understanding the political, social, economic, legal, and/or cultural context(s) influence your ability to provide equity-driven leadership?” and Cycle 3, Step 4’s requirement that the candidate “Reflect on and cite evidence of how effectively during this cycle of coaching and observation you maintained a high standard of professionalism, integrity, and equity during your coaching interactions with the volunteer teacher.” (California Commission on Teacher Credentialing, 2018b)  \nHelpfully, the CalAPA support materials such as the Cycle 1 Assessment Guide (California Commission on Teacher Credentialing, 2018a) defines equity, within the parameters of “equity driven leadership,” as the ability to:  \n1. conceptualize schools as complex organizations comprised of a network of dynamic and interdependent thinking components.  \n2. pursue school change and improvement through systemic change and capacity building, and  \n3. create and articulate a shared vision of a school as a place where all students are fully engaged, inspired, empowered, and their voices are heard.  \nBuilding on this definition of leadership, the same guide defines an “equity gap analysis,” as encompassing “discrepancies,” between improvement plan goals and actual student performance regarding “previously underserved students.” In providing these definitions, the CalAPA provides candidates focus and clarity regarding the very real performance task the","cbCaisZc9sPPeJ3W","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisZc9sPPeJ3W","pdf",168732,14,"English","# Introduction\n## CalAPA and equity-minded leadership expectations\n## Equity models and critiques\n## Equity gaps, analysis, and leadership practice","[{\"question\":\"What does CalAPA require administrators to do regarding equity?\",\"answer\":\"CalAPA expects candidates to analyze, address, and reduce “equity gaps” by using research-based practices and by demonstrating equity-driven leadership across the assessment cycles.\"},{\"question\":\"Which philosophical models of equity are discussed in the literature review?\",\"answer\":\"The review explores equity models associated with Nussbaum (2011), Rawls (1971, 2001), and Sen (2009) as relevant to CalAPA expectations.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the review argue equity is more complex than equality?\",\"answer\":\"It notes that equity and justice are subject to multiple interpretations shaped by identity factors such as gender, culture, ethnicity, nationality, and religion, so what is “just” can vary by context.\"}]","What is Equity? - A Literature Review Informing California Administrator Performance Assessment Expectations | PDF",1792095257,35]