[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-112054-en":3,"doc-seo-112054-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},112054,1099513958607,"Jiven","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002390cf8733938c?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778829742770036399",8,"Research & Report","What Drives Successful Economic Diversification in Resource-Rich Countries - Policy lessons and future research directions","The paper examines why resource-rich countries often lag in non-resource sectors and why diversification outcomes differ across countries. Using a diversification measure based on per-capita growth in domestic and export non-resource activities (manufacturing and services), it evaluates long-run diversification of resource-dependent starters and ranks performance. National-level correlates focus on human capital, public and intellectual capital, and firm dynamism, supported by case studies of Oman, Laos, and Indonesia.","Pub lic Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized  \n\n| What Drives Successful Economic Diversification in Resource-Rich Countries? |\n| --- |\n| Addisu A. Lashitew, Michael L. Ross, and Eric Werker |\n\nThe “resource curse” is often understood to imply poor growth in the non-resource sectors of the economy, but research into the diversification performance of resource-rich countries is limited. This paper surveys recent evidence and identifies empirical patterns in the economic diversification of resource-rich countries. Diversification is measured using the growth of per capita non-resource (manufacturing and services) sectors in domestic and export markets, which has a cleaner interpretation than competing measures. This measure is used to evaluate the long-term diversification of countries that started off as resource-dependent, and to rank countries according to their performance. We then identify policy-relevant correlates of diversification at the national level, including the acquisition of human capital, public and intellectual capital, and firm dynamism. More resource-dependent countries appear to perform worse on measures of human capital and intellectual capital, but more resource-abundant countries perform better on public capital and human capital accumulation. We examine the mechanisms behind diversification performance through in-depth case studies of Oman, Laos, and Indonesia, and conclude by identifying policy lessons and future research directions.  \nJEL Codes: D02, 011, 014, Q56  \nKeywords: diversification, resource curse, competitive capabilities, non-resource sectors, manufacturing, services.  \nIntroduction  \nAlthough an extensive body of the “resource curse” literature has examined the multifacetedrelationshipbetween natural resources and economic development(Van der Ploeg 2011; Ross 2013 ; Venables 2016), the topic of economic diversification  \nThe World Bank Research Observer  \n© The Author(s) 2020 . Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ([http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please [contact journals.permissions@oup.com](contact journals.permissions@oup.com)  \ndoi: 10 . 1093/wbro/lkaa001 36:164–196  \nDownloaded from [https://academic.oup.com/wbro/article/36/2/164/5813434 by World Bank user on](https://academic.oup.com/wbro/article/36/2/164/5813434 by World Bank user on) 11 September 2023  \nspecifically has received much less attention. One of the most pronounced manifestations of resource wealth is a low level of economic diversification, as natural resources assume a dominant place in export income and government revenues (Ross 2017; Bahar and Santos 2018) . This low level of economic diversification can be harmful, as the concentration of economic activities around natural resources makes resource-rich countries vulnerable to economic shocks related to volatile commodity prices and resource stock depletion (Devlin and Titman 2004; Van der Ploeg and Poelhekke 2009; Venables 2016) . Reliance on extractive industries that are heavy in regulatory rents can also stymie the development of political and market institutions that promote broad-based growth (Pritchett, Sen, and Werker 2017) .  \nTo policymakers in resource-rich countries, the most fundamental challenge of resource-led development is how to turn a resource in the ground into physical and human capital that can be used to provide prosperity for their citizens (Morrison 2010) . The best measure of economic diversification that corresponds to success in that metric is growth in the non-resource side of the economy. Consider the examp","cbCailZjmH9gU2ge","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailZjmH9gU2ge","pdf",724843,1,33,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Purpose and scope\n## Measuring diversification\n## Policy-relevant correlates\n## Case studies and conclusions","[{\"question\":\"为什么资源丰富国家的经济多元化会受到挑战？\",\"answer\":\"资源禀赋往往使出口和财政收入集中在自然资源上，进而让非资源部门发展不足，并提高对商品价格波动与资源枯竭冲击的脆弱性。\"},{\"question\":\"论文如何衡量经济多元化表现？\",\"answer\":\"通过衡量人均非资源部门（制造业与服务业）在国内市场和出口市场的增长来度量多元化。该指标被认为比其他竞争性指标具有更清晰的解释。\"},{\"question\":\"论文重点关注哪些与多元化相关的国家层面因素？\",\"answer\":\"重点包括人力资本、公共与智力资本，以及企业活力等政策相关关联因素，并通过案例研究揭示其作用机制。\"}]",1784492968,83,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":27},"what-drives-successful-economic-diversification-in-resource-rich-countries-policy-lessons-and-future-research-directions","",{"@graph":35,"@context":85},[36,53,68],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/what-drives-successful-economic-diversification-in-resource-rich-countries-policy-lessons-and-future-research-directions/112054/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":40,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-20","2026-07-19",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"为什么资源丰富国家的经济多元化会受到挑战？","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"资源禀赋往往使出口和财政收入集中在自然资源上，进而让非资源部门发展不足，并提高对商品价格波动与资源枯竭冲击的脆弱性。","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"论文如何衡量经济多元化表现？",{"text":80,"@type":76},"通过衡量人均非资源部门（制造业与服务业）在国内市场和出口市场的增长来度量多元化。该指标被认为比其他竞争性指标具有更清晰的解释。",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"论文重点关注哪些与多元化相关的国家层面因素？",{"text":84,"@type":76},"重点包括人力资本、公共与智力资本，以及企业活力等政策相关关联因素，并通过案例研究揭示其作用机制。","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]