[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-40422-en":3,"doc-seo-40422-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},40422,8796095461610,"Oliver","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c",2,"Literature","What Are the Questions? Further Contributions to Modern Economics","A collection of Joan Robinson’s essays focused on modern economics, especially the methodological and analytical questions raised by developments from the Keynesian era into the challenging 1970s. The text organizes contributions into sections on analysis, controversy, and tributes, covering topics such as growth, stagflation, shifts in economic thinking, and debates on the disintegration of economics. It discusses how economic theory should use refutable hypotheses, logical experimentation, and critiques of production and capital theory.","What are theQuestions?  \nFurther Contributions to Modern Economics  \nTOMY CRITICS  \nin this collection Joan Robinson 1980This edition published in 1981 by M.E.Sharpe,Inc,80 Business Park Drive,Armonk,New York10504  \nAll ights reserved.No part of this publication maybe reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,ortransmitted,in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording orotherwise,without the prior permission of M.ESharpe,Inc.  \nLibrary of Congress Cataloging in Publication  \nData  \nRobinson,Joan,1903-What are the questions?  \n1.Economics-Addresses,essays,lectures.  \nI.Title.  \nHB171.R644333080-28062ISBN 0-87332-199-5ISBN 0-87332-200-2(pbk.)Published in the United States of America  \nCONTENTS  \nIntroduction  \nix  \nANALYSIS  \n1 What are the Questions?  \n1  \n2 The Age of Growth  \n33  \n3 Stagflation  \n43  \n4 Thinking about Thinking54  \n5 Accumulation and Exploitation:An Analysis in the Tradition ofMarx,Sraffa and Kalecki(with Amit Bhaduri)  \n64  \n6 Keynes and Ricardo  \n78  \n7 Time in Economic Theory86  \nCONTROVERSY  \n8 The Disintegration of Economics  \n96  \n9 Survey:1950s  \n105  \n10 Survey:1960s  \n112  \n11 Debate:1970s  \n123  \n12 Retrospect:1980  \n131  \n13 Misunderstandings in the Theory of Production  \n135  \nTRIBUTES  \n14 Joseph Schumpeter:Capitalism,Socialism and Democracy  \nCONTENTS  \nviii  \n15 Piero Sraffa:Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities  \n16 Gunnar Myrdal:Against the Stream  \nASPECTS OF MARXISM  \n17 Marxism:Religion and Science  \n18 An Open Letter from a Keynesian to a Marxist  \n19 The Organic Composition of Capital  \n20 The Labour Theory of Value  \n21 Marxism and Modern Economics  \n144  \n151  \n155  \n165  \n170  \n183  \n192  \nINTRODUCTION  \nMy first volume of collected papers(1951)was dedicated to my pupilsbecause of the incentive that they gave me to try to express what I had tosay as comprehensibly as possible.The present volume is dedicated to mycritics because of the incentive that they have given me to try to think outwhat I had to say as coherently as possible.  \nThe previous collection of Contributions to Modern Economics (1978)covered a span of fifty years.The present one is mainly concentrated onthe dismal 1970s.  \nThe first group of papers-Analysis -contains some discussions ofmethodological principles and a few examples of their application.Themethodology is self-conscious.I hold very strongly that the purpose ofeconomic theory should be to try to throw some light on the world thatwe are living in.(The history of economic doctrines is a separate study.)Itshould proceed by advancing hypotheses which are in principle refutable.But to sort out the questions to be discussed it is often necessary to passthrough a phase of purely logical,a priori argument-intellectual experi-ment-before hypotheses can be formulated.There are many interactingelements in any economic situation;we cannot control our experiments soas to observe the effect of a single change other things remaining the same,still less the concomitants of a difference in a single element in thecomplex,since one variable cannot display two values at one point in timeand space.  \nUnfortunately,it is often necessary to begin by clearing out of the wayunsatisfactory thought experiments which are already established in thefield.  \n1  \nAfter the Keynesian revolution,what used to be the central topic oftextbook economics -the normal long-run prices of particular com-  \n# INTRODUCTION\n\nmodities-appeared to fall into decay.It was treated in scraps ofincompatible models-a Walrasian market where individuals exchangeitems from their endowments'of ready-made goods;specifications ofPigovian supply curves which remain,as ever,empty economic boxes,and a treatment of 'factors of production’which is crippled by reluctanceto define a‘quantity of capital'.  \nPiero Sraffa's rediscovery of Ricardo's theory of profits provided thebasis for clearing all his up.First,he disinterred a lost thought experiment-the corn model.For labour-intensive ag","cbCaivMc2fUikXHE","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivMc2fUikXHE","pdf",10488096,4,1,108,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n# Analysis\n## What are the Questions?\n## The Age of Growth\n## Stagflation\n## Thinking about Thinking\n## Accumulation and Exploitation\n## Keynes and Ricardo\n## Time in Economic Theory\n# Controversy\n## The Disintegration of Economics\n## Survey: 1950s\n## Survey: 1960s\n## Debate: 1970s\n## Retrospect: 1980\n## Misunderstandings in the Theory of Production\n# Tributes\n## Joseph Schumpeter: Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy\n## Piero Sraffa: Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities\n## Gunnar Myrdal: Against the Stream\n# Aspects of Marxism\n## Marxism: Religion and Science","[{\"question\":\"What is the guiding purpose of economic theory in these essays?\",\"answer\":\"Economic theory should illuminate the world being lived in by advancing hypotheses that are, in principle, refutable.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the collection emphasize logical and methodological work before hypotheses?\",\"answer\":\"Economic situations contain many interacting elements, so hypotheses often require an initial phase of purely logical, a priori argument—an intellectual experiment—before formulating testable claims.\"},{\"question\":\"Which major economic themes and debates are covered?\",\"answer\":\"The collection addresses the shift away from textbook long-run price problems after the Keynesian revolution, the rise of stagflation/growth concerns, and controversy such as the disintegration of economics and misunderstandings in production 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