[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-462823-105":59,"doc-detail-462823-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","wearable-iot-enabled-galvanic-skin-response-device-for-objective-pain-and-stress-monitoring-hardware-design-and-prototype-development","Wearable IoT-Enabled Galvanic Skin Response Device for Objective Pain and Stress Monitoring - Hardware Design and Prototype Development","","Accurate assessment of pain and stress is difficult for patients with limited communication ability. Existing galvanic skin response (GSR) devices often miss real-time feedback, wireless connectivity, and resilience to motion artifacts, restricting clinical use. This paper designs and develops a wearable IoT-enabled GSR system using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), ergonomic mechanical housing, and artifact filtering via a custom API. Finger-mounted electrodes, an amplifier and signal processor, an nRF52840 controller, and a rechargeable Li-ion battery are integrated in a compact 3D-printed wrist enclosure. Validation with two healthy subjects shows reliable stress-related GSR fluctuation detection with reduced motion artifacts, supporting a low-cost, wireless, ergonomic approach for objective monitoring.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/wearable-iot-enabled-galvanic-skin-response-device-for-objective-pain-and-stress-monitoring-hardware-design-and-prototype-development/462823/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/wearable-iot-enabled-galvanic-skin-response-device-for-objective-pain-and-stress-monitoring-hardware-design-and-prototype-development/462823.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Elsa","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is objective pain and stress monitoring challenging for some patients?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It is difficult when patients have limited communication ability. Existing clinical approaches often depend on self-report or behavioral observation, which may not be possible in infants, cognitively impaired individuals, sedated patients, or those with limited language ability.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the proposed wearable system measure pain-related signals?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It uses electrodermal activity (EDA)/galvanic skin response (GSR), measuring skin conductance changes related to eccrine sweat gland activity regulated by the autonomic nervous system.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What hardware and communication features does the design include?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The system integrates finger-mounted electrodes, a custom amplifier and signal processor, an nRF52840 BLE microcontroller, and a rechargeable Li-ion battery in a compact 3D-printed wrist-mounted enclosure, with artifact filtering via a custom API and BLE for wireless communication.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},462823,1790813664,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},137455077381,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","Article  \nWearable IoT-Enabled Galvanic Skin Response Device for Objective Pain and Stress Monitoring: Hardware Design and Prototype Development  \nAnushka N. Phadke 1, Khawlah Harasheh 2 and Satinder Gill 1, *  \nReceived: 16 November 2025  \nRevised: 15 December 2025  \nAccepted: 23 December 2025  \nPublished: 24 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; [phadkean@vcu.edu](phadkean@vcu.edu)  \n2 Department of Information Systems, J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, Richmond, VA 23228, USA  \n* Correspondence: [gills4@vcu.edu](gills4@vcu.edu)  \nAbstract  \nAccurate pain and stress assessment remains a challenge in patients with limited communication ability. Current galvanic skin response (GSR) devices lack real-time feedback, wireless communication, and robustness against motion artifacts, limiting their clinical utility. This paper presents the design and development of a wearable internet-of-things (IoT) enabled GSR system incorporating Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication, ergonomic mechanical housing, and artifact-filtering through a custom API. The system integrates finger-mounted electrodes, a custom amplifier and signal processor, an nRF52840 BLE microcontroller, and a rechargeable Li-ion battery in a compact 3D-printed wristmounted enclosure. Basic validation with two healthy subjects demonstrated reliable detection of stress-induced GSR fluctuations with reduced movement artifacts. Results indicate the feasibility of the proposed design as a low-cost, wireless, and ergonomic solution for objective pain and stress monitoring.  \nKeywords: assistive technologies; visually impaired; haptics; admittance control; dead reckoning; tactile displays  \n1. Introduction  \nPain is one of the most common reasons people seek medical care, yet its assessment remains a major challenge in healthcare. Current clinical practice often relies on subjective methods such as self-report scales or clinician observation of behavioral cues. While useful, these approaches have well-known limitations. Self-report requires the patient tobe conscious, communicative, and cognitively able to describe their pain, which is not possible for infants, people with cognitive impairments, sedated patients, or those with limited language ability. Observational tools, such as behavioral pain scales, are also prone to subjectivity and variability. The result is that pain is frequently underdiagnosed or mischaracterized, which can delay treatment and worsen outcomes. These limitations have motivated growing interest in objective physiological measures of pain [1–5] .  \nOne such measure is electrodermal activity (EDA), also known as Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) . EDA reflects changes in skin conductance caused by eccrine sweat gland activity, which is regulated by the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. Since sympathetic activity increases with stress, arousal, and nociception, EDA provides a non-invasive, real-time signal that can serve as an indirect marker of pain. EDA is measured by placing electrodes on high-density sweat gland areas such as the fingers or  \npalm, applying a small voltage, and recording skin conductance in microsiemens (µS) . Because the measurement is simple, non-invasive, and low cost, EDA has been studied extensively as a potential biomarker of pain and related states [1–3] .  \nMultiple studies have shown that EDA responds consistently to painful stimulation. Posada-Quintero and Chon [6–8] validated EDA responses during controlled thermal pain experiments, showing reliable increases in conductance during nociceptive events [3–6] . Bhatkar et al. [9] combined EDA with timing of peak pain in a cold pressor test to quantify sympathetic activation. Hami","cbCaikxkZP5hBdxh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikxkZP5hBdxh","pdf",2877420,15,"English","# Introduction\n## Electrodermal activity (EDA) as a marker of pain\n## Evidence from prior studies\n## Limitations of existing implementations\n## Motivation for wearable low-cost monitoring","[{\"question\":\"Why is objective pain and stress monitoring challenging for some patients?\",\"answer\":\"It is difficult when patients have limited communication ability. Existing clinical approaches often depend on self-report or behavioral observation, which may not be possible in infants, cognitively impaired individuals, sedated patients, or those with limited language ability.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the proposed wearable system measure pain-related signals?\",\"answer\":\"It uses electrodermal activity (EDA)/galvanic skin response (GSR), measuring skin conductance changes related to eccrine sweat gland activity regulated by the autonomic nervous system.\"},{\"question\":\"What hardware and communication features does the design include?\",\"answer\":\"The system integrates finger-mounted electrodes, a custom amplifier and signal processor, an nRF52840 BLE microcontroller, and a rechargeable Li-ion battery in a compact 3D-printed wrist-mounted enclosure, with artifact filtering via a custom API and BLE for wireless communication.\"}]","Wearable IoT-Enabled Galvanic Skin Response Device for Objective Pain and Stress Monitoring - Hardware Design and Prototype Development | PDF",1790765306,38]