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SE] 17 Dec 2025  \nAbstract  \nThis paper systematically maps peer-reviewed research and graduate theses/dissertations that explicitly simulate the waterfall model. Following Petersen’s mapping guidelines and Kitchenham’s systematic literature review practices, major databases (ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, Springer, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) were searched for studies published between 2000 and 2024 using the title query (“simulation” OR “simulating”) AND “waterfall”. A PRISMA workflow guided the screening process, and approximately 9% of retrieved records met the inclusion criteria. A repeated extraction process captured methods, tools, venues, geography, publication years, comparative scope, and fidelity to Royce’s original model; findings were synthesized thematically. Discreteevent simulation dominates (80%) compared to system dynamics (20%) . Reported tools center on Simphony.NET (40%) and SimPy (20%), while 40% of studies omit tool details, limiting reproducibility. Research is distributed across Italy, Lebanon, India, Japan, and the United States; publication venues include 60% journals and 40% conferences. Sixty percent of studies are comparative, while 40% model only the waterfall approach. No study reproduces Royce’s original model; all employ adaptations. The paper concludes by presenting a consolidated view of waterfall simulation research and recommending clearer model reporting, fuller tool disclosure, and wider adoption of open-source platforms.  \nCCS Concepts  \n• Software and its engineering → Software creation and management; Software development process management.  \nKeywords  \nwaterfall model; software development lifecycle; systems development lifecycle; SDLC; simulation; systematic mapping study  \n1 Introduction and Background  \nSoftware development methodologies define how systems are planned, built, and maintained. Among these, the waterfall model remains one of the most historically influential, shaping decades of engineering practice and pedagogical design. Introduced by Royce [1], the waterfall model formalized a sequential approach to software development that progresses through fixed stages such as requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. In practice, these phases are often combined or abbreviated, yet the core principle of irreversible, step-by-step progression remains. The model is characterized by its linear, sequential structure for  \nThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercialNoDerivatives 4 .0 International License.  \ndeveloping systems and software solutions, as illustrated in Figure 1. Although frequently presented as a simple linear framework (a), Royce described two other formulations: one that executes the lifecycle twice (b) and another that introduces feedback loops to earlier phases. Despite these differences in feedback mechanisms, all three are commonly grouped under the label “waterfall”. Overtime, the model has been widely adapted and variably interpreted across academic, industrial, and regulatory contexts.  \nWhile research in recent years has primarily emphasized agile and iterative methods, there has been relatively little sustained investigation into how traditional models like waterfall are analyzed, taught, or critiqued through computational simulation. Simulation provides a powerful means of exploring software process behavior, enabling controlled experimentation with task durations, resource allocations, phase dependencies, and defect or failure scenarios without the risks of real-world implementation. It complements static lifecycle diagrams and serves as a valuable instructional tool for demonstrating the consequences of early-stage decisions, structural rigidity, and process bottlenecks. In this paper,“si","cbCaieqINHbzdAdv","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieqINHbzdAdv","pdf",882943,11,"English","# 1 Introduction and Background\n## 1.1 Overview of the waterfall model\n## 1.2 Role of simulation in analyzing software processes\n## 1.3 Research gap and study objectives","[{\"question\":\"What is the main goal of the study?\",\"answer\":\"To conduct a systematic mapping study of simulation-based research (2000–2024) that explicitly simulates the waterfall model, clarifying the state of research and identifying trends.\"},{\"question\":\"How were relevant studies selected and screened?\",\"answer\":\"The study searched major databases using a title query combining “simulation” (or “simulating”) with “waterfall”, then used a PRISMA workflow to guide screening; about 9% met inclusion criteria.\"},{\"question\":\"Which simulation approaches and tools appear most frequently?\",\"answer\":\"Discrete-event simulation dominates (80%) over system dynamics (20%). Reported tools center on Simphony.NET (40%) and SimPy (20%), while 40% of studies omit tool details, reducing reproducibility.\"}]","Waterfall Model Simulation: A Systematic Mapping Study | PDF",28]